Individual rhythmic abilities and temporal predictability : an electrophysiological approach

Les habiletés rythmiques varient considérablement d’un individu à l’autre. Cependant, notre compréhension du lien entre ces variations au niveau comportemental et les marqueurs électrophysiologiques qui les sous-tendent est incertaine. L’objectif du travail actuel était d’examiner la signature cérébrale (EEG) des différences individuelles des habiletés rythmiques impliquant la prédiction temporelle (i.e., perceptuelles, sensorimotrices). Les participants (n=43) ont effectué deux tâches provenant de la Battery for the Assessment of Auditory Sensorimotor and Rhythmic abilities (BAASTA, Dalla Bella et al., 2017). De plus, l’activité cérébrale de ces participants a été enregistrée lors d’une tâche de prédiction temporelle. Cette tâche utilisant le paradigme du stimulus discordant (i.e., oddball paradigm) consistait en la présentation de sons purs standards (i.e., non pertinents) et discordants (i.e., pertinents) sur des séquences isochrones ou non-isochrones (i.e., régulières ou non). Les résultats ont montré des différences individuelles dans les habiletés rhythmiques se reflétant au niveau des composantes ERP. Chez tous les participants, des meilleures habiletés sensorimotrices ont été associées à de plus petites amplitudes de la P50 lors de la présentation de sons standards, suggérant une inhibition accrue des stimuli non pertinents. Aussi, l’amplitude de la composante N100 pourrait servir de marqueur de la capacité de traitement de la discordance des stimuli. Effectivement, les individus ayant de bonnes habiletés de traitement du rythme, présente des amplitudes moins négatives de la N100 pour les sons discordants présentés régulièrement, suggérant une discrimination accrue des sons discordants. Ainsi, ces résultats ajoutent à notre compréhension des processus sous-jacents aux différences individuelles dans les habiletés rhythmiques.It is known that rhythmic abilities vary widely in the general population. However, our understanding of the link between these variations at the behavioral level and their underlying brain electrophysiological patterns is uncertain. The aim of the present work was to investigate the electrophysiological correlates of individual differences in rhythmic abilities (i.e., perceptual, sensorimotor). Participants (n=43) performed two tasks of rhythmic abilities (beat alignment test and paced tapping) from the Battery for the Assessment of Auditory Sensorimotor and Rhythmic abilities (BAASTA, Dalla Bella et al., 2017). Moreover, the brain activity (EEG) of these participants was recorded while they performed a temporal predictability task. This task consisted in an oddball paradigm where standard (i.e., irrelevant tones) and deviant (i.e., relevant tones) sinusoidal tones were presented in isochronous (i.e., regular) and temporally random (i.e., irregular) sequences. Results indicated that individual differences in rhythmic abilities are reflected in electrophysiological markers of temporal predictability. Across all participants, improved sensorimotor abilities were associated with smaller amplitudes of the P50 auditory evoked potential to standard tones, suggesting increased inhibition of irrelevant stimuli. Moreover, the amplitude of the N100 component serve as a potential marker of the ability to process stimuli deviance. Indeed, individuals with good rhythm abilities have less negative amplitudes of N100 for deviant tones presented in the isochronous sequence, suggesting enhanced discrimination of deviant tones. Altogether, these findings add to our understanding of the processes underlying individual differences in rhythmic abilities

Koinonia

In This IssueVocation and an Integrated Christian Worldview: Reprint from Love Your God with All Your Mind: The Role of Reason in the Life of the Soul by J.P. Moreland SWOT, MBO, and Other Life Perils, James Kanning Contemporary Christian Music Challenges Activity Directors to Assess Campus Spiritual Climate, Melissa J. Schermer In The FieldAnticipatory Consciousness: A Learning Paradigm for College Students, Eileen Hulme Around CampusUsing Technology in Wellness Programming, Kadi Cole Regular FeaturesPresident\u27s Corner Editor\u27s Disk Annual Conference: Sunny Southern California Welcomes ACSD 1999 News from the Regions: Spotlight on the Lake Region Coalition of Christian College Activities (CoCCA): Hot Ideas Book Review: Virtual Faith: The Irreverent Spiritual Quest of Generation X Perspective: Tales of a First Year RDhttps://pillars.taylor.edu/acsd_koinonia/1030/thumbnail.jp

About time:Ageing influences neural markers of temporal predictability

Timing abilities help organizing the temporal structure of events but are known to change systematically with age. Yet, how the neuronal signature of temporal predictability changes across the age span remains unclear. Younger (n = 21; 23.1 years) and older adults (n = 21; 68.5 years) performed an auditory oddball task, consisting of isochronous and random sound sequences. Results confirm an altered P50 response in the older compared to younger participants. P50 amplitudes differed between the isochronous and random temporal structures in younger, and for P200 in the older group. These results suggest less efficient sensory gating in older adults in both isochronous and random auditory sequences. N100 amplitudes were more negative for deviant tones. P300 amplitudes were parietally enhanced in younger, but not in older adults. In younger participants, the P50 results confirm that this component marks temporal predictability, indicating sensitive gating of temporally regular sound sequences.</p

Turning high-throughput structural biology into predictive inhibitor design

Peer reviewe

Reproductive factors and risk of mortality in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; a cohort study

Abstract Background Reproductive events are associated with important physiologic changes, yet little is known about how reproductive factors influence long-term health in women. Our objective was to assess the relation of reproductive characteristics with all-cause and cause-specific mortality risk. Methods The analysis was performed within the European Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition prospective cohort study, which enrolled >500,000 women and men from 1992 to 2000, who were residing in a given town/geographic area in 10 European countries. The current analysis included 322,972 eligible women aged 25–70 years with 99 % complete follow-up for vital status. We assessed reproductive characteristics reported at the study baseline including parity, age at the first birth, breastfeeding, infertility, oral contraceptive use, age at menarche and menopause, total ovulatory years, and history of oophorectomy/hysterectomy. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for mortality were determined using Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for menopausal status, body mass index, physical activity, education level, and smoking status/intensity and duration. Results During a mean follow-up of 12.9 years, 14,383 deaths occurred. The HR (95 % CI) for risk of all-cause mortality was lower in parous versus nulliparous women (0.80; 0.76–0.84), in women who had ever versus never breastfed (0.92; 0.87–0.97), in ever versus never users of oral contraceptives (among non-smokers; 0.90; 0.86–0.95), and in women reporting a later age at menarche (≥15 years versus <12; 0.90; 0.85–0.96; P for trend = 0.038). Conclusions Childbirth, breastfeeding, oral contraceptive use, and a later age at menarche were associated with better health outcomes. These findings may contribute to the development of improved strategies to promote better long-term health in women

Turning high-throughput structural biology into predictive inhibitor design

A common challenge in drug design pertains to finding chemical modifications to a ligand that increases its affinity to the target protein. An underutilized advance is the increase in structural biology throughput, which has progressed from an artisanal endeavor to a monthly throughput of hundreds of different ligands against a protein in modern synchrotrons. However, the missing piece is a framework that turns high-throughput crystallography data into predictive models for ligand design. Here, we designed a simple machine learning approach that predicts protein–ligand affinity from experimental structures of diverse ligands against a single protein paired with biochemical measurements. Our key insight is using physics-based energy descriptors to represent protein–ligand complexes and a learning-to-rank approach that infers the relevant differences between binding modes. We ran a high-throughput crystallography campaign against the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (MPro), obtaining parallel measurements of over 200 protein–ligand complexes and their binding activities. This allows us to design one-step library syntheses which improved the potency of two distinct micromolar hits by over 10-fold, arriving at a noncovalent and nonpeptidomimetic inhibitor with 120 nM antiviral efficacy. Crucially, our approach successfully extends ligands to unexplored regions of the binding pocket, executing large and fruitful moves in chemical space with simple chemistry

Reproductive factors and risk of mortality in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; a cohort study

Background: Reproductive events are associated with important physiologic changes, yet little is known about how reproductive factors influence long-term health in women. Our objective was to assess the relation of reproductive characteristics with all-cause and cause-specific mortality risk. Methods: The analysis was performed within the European Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition prospective cohort study, which enrolled > 500,000 women and men from 1992 to 2000, who were residing in a given town/geographic area in 10 European countries. The current analysis included 322,972 eligible women aged 25-70 years with 99 % complete follow-up for vital status. We assessed reproductive characteristics reported at the study baseline including parity, age at the first birth, breastfeeding, infertility, oral contraceptive use, age at menarche and menopause, total ovulatory years, and history of oophorectomy/hysterectomy. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for mortality were determined using Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for menopausal status, body mass index, physical activity, education level, and smoking status/intensity and duration. Results: During a mean follow-up of 12.9 years, 14,383 deaths occurred. The HR (95 % CI) for risk of all-cause mortality was lower in parous versus nulliparous women (0.80; 0.76-0.84), in women who had ever versus never breastfed (0.92; 0.87-0.97), in ever versus never users of oral contraceptives (among non-smokers; 0.90; 0.86-0.95), and in women reporting a later age at menarche (>= 15 years versus < 12; 0.90; 0.85-0.96; P for trend = 0.038). Conclusions: Childbirth, breastfeeding, oral contraceptive use, and a later age at menarche were associated with better health outcomes. These findings may contribute to the development of improved strategies to promote better long-term health in women

Reproductive factors and risk of mortality in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Reproductive events are associated with important physiologic changes, yet little is known about how reproductive factors influence long-term health in women. Our objective was to assess the relation of reproductive characteristics with all-cause and cause-specific mortality risk. METHODS: The analysis was performed within the European Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition prospective cohort study, which enrolled >500,000 women and men from 1992 to 2000, who were residing in a given town/geographic area in 10 European countries. The current analysis included 322,972 eligible women aged 25-70 years with 99 % complete follow-up for vital status. We assessed reproductive characteristics reported at the study baseline including parity, age at the first birth, breastfeeding, infertility, oral contraceptive use, age at menarche and menopause, total ovulatory years, and history of oophorectomy/hysterectomy. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for mortality were determined using Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for menopausal status, body mass index, physical activity, education level, and smoking status/intensity and duration. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 12.9 years, 14,383 deaths occurred. The HR (95 % CI) for risk of all-cause mortality was lower in parous versus nulliparous women (0.80; 0.76-0.84), in women who had ever versus never breastfed (0.92; 0.87-0.97), in ever versus never users of oral contraceptives (among non-smokers; 0.90; 0.86-0.95), and in women reporting a later age at menarche (≥15 years versus <12; 0.90; 0.85-0.96; P for trend = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS: Childbirth, breastfeeding, oral contraceptive use, and a later age at menarche were associated with better health outcomes. These findings may contribute to the development of improved strategies to promote better long-term health in women

Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Antibiotic-Treated COVID-19 Patients is Associated with Microbial Translocation and Bacteremia

Although microbial populations in the gut microbiome are associated with COVID-19 severity, a causal impact on patient health has not been established. Here we provide evidence that gut microbiome dysbiosis is associated with translocation of bacteria into the blood during COVID-19, causing life-threatening secondary infections. We first demonstrate SARS-CoV-2 infection induces gut microbiome dysbiosis in mice, which correlated with alterations to Paneth cells and goblet cells, and markers of barrier permeability. Samples collected from 96 COVID-19 patients at two different clinical sites also revealed substantial gut microbiome dysbiosis, including blooms of opportunistic pathogenic bacterial genera known to include antimicrobial-resistant species. Analysis of blood culture results testing for secondary microbial bloodstream infections with paired microbiome data indicates that bacteria may translocate from the gut into the systemic circulation of COVID-19 patients. These results are consistent with a direct role for gut microbiome dysbiosis in enabling dangerous secondary infections during COVID-19

A Structural Validation of the Brief COPE Scale among Outpatients with Alcohol and Opioid Use Disorders

Recovery from substance use disorder requires access to effective coping resources. The most widely self-reported questionnaire used to assess coping responses is the Brief COPE; however, different factorial structures were found in a variety of samples. This study aimed to examine across outpatients with substance use disorders the factor structure of the short dispositional French version of the Brief Coping Orientation to Problem Experienced (COPE) inventory. The French version of the Brief COPE was administered in a sample of 318 outpatients with alcohol or opioid substance use disorder. A clustering analysis on latent variables (CLV) followed by a confirmatory factorial analysis (CFA) was conducted to examine the factor structure of the scale. The internal consistency of the Brief COPE and its subscales were also studied. The analysis revealed a nine-factor structure with a revised 24-item version consisting of functional strategies (four items), problem-solving (four items), denial (two items), substance use (two items), social support seeking (four items), behavioral disengagement (two items), religion (two items), blame (two items), and humor (two items) that demonstrated a good fit to the data. This model explained 53% of the total variance with an overall McDonald&rsquo;s omega (&omega;) of 0.96 for the revised scale. The present work offers a robust and valid nine-factor structure for assessing coping strategies in French outpatients with opioid or alcohol substance use disorder. This structure tends to simplify its use and interpretation of results for both clinicians and researchers