A comparison of different irrigation systems and gravitational effect on final extrusion of the irrigant

Background: The aim of this study was to compare manual needle irrigation (MNI), RinsEndo (RE), and passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), and assess the effect of gravity on extrusion from the apex in vitro. Material and Methods: The distobuccal roots of molars were used and the canals were instrumented up to F2. Teeth were mounted on models, which permitted visualization and manipulation of the apices for necessary procedures. The models were placed in articulator to simulate the jaw. Six groups (G) were formed as: G1, G2 and G3 represented mandibular positioning of teeth and were irrigated with MNI, RE, and PUI, respectively, while G4, G5, and G6 represented maxillary positioning of teeth and were also irrigated in same sequence. Prior to the final irrigation, 72 cube-shaped foam pieces covered with aluminum foil were weighed and the values were recorded as the initial weights. The cubes were then placed on the apical part of each sample. Final irrigation was performed with distilled water and the cubes were weighed again to determine their final weights. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U post-hoc test ( p <0.05). Results: Irrespective of the irrigation technique used, the amount of irrigant extruded from the apex showed a statistically significant difference related to the effect of gravity ( p <0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between irrigation methods ( p >0.05). When the irrigation systems were compared to examine the effect of gravity, the significant difference was found between G2 and G5 ( p <0.05). Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, MNI and PUI were found to be reliable irrigation systems. Caution should be exercised when using RinsEndo

Apical Microleakage of a Silicone Based Root Canal Sealer: an Electrochemical Study

Svrha: Elektrokemijskom metodom procijenilo se apikalno propuštanje materijala RoekoSeal Automix (RSA) za punjenje korijenskog kanala samostalno i u kombinaciji s gutaperkom. Materijali i metode: Pedeset i dva prednja maksilarna zuba podijeljena su u dvije skupine. U prvoj su korijenski kanali punjeni samo RSA-om, a u drugoj gutaperkom i RSA-om (n = 24 u svakoj skupini). Preostala četiri zuba služila su kao pozitivna i negativna kontrolna skupina. Eksperimentalna jedinica konstruirana je tako da je bila neprekidno spojena na izvor struje. Jedanpostotni kalijev jodid (KI) korišten je kao elektrolit te su zubi uronjeni u otopinu. Bakrene elektrode s provodnim kapacitetom od jednoga miliampera (mA) korištene su kao anode za zatvaranje strujnog kruga. Rezultati su se očitavali ukupno tri tjedna, jedanput na dan, digitalnim voltmetrom spojenim na eksperimentalnu jedinicu. Promjene u količini propuštanja u skupini procjenjivale su se svaki dan t-testom za ovisne uzorke, a razlika između dviju skupina analizirana je t-testom za neovisne uzorke. Rezultati: Razlika u apikalnom propuštanju između dviju eksperimentalnih skupina nije bila statistički značajna (p>0,05). U objema je zabilježeno značajno propuštanje u svim vremenskim intervalima (p<0,05). Zaključak: RoekoSeal Automix samostalno nije se razlikovao u propuštanju od gutaperke punjene njime. Također nije bio potpuno učinkovit u sprječavanju propuštanja.Objectives: To evaluate the apical leakage of the root canal fillings performed with RoekoSeal Automix (RSA) alone and in combined with gutta-percha electrochemically. Materials and methods: Fifty two maxillary anterior teeth were divided into two groups. In group 1, the root canals were filled with RSA alone and in group 2 the root canals were filled with gutta-percha and RSA (n=24 each group). The remaining 4 teeth were used for positive and negative control groups. An experimental cell was constructed which was connected with a constant current source. 1% potassium iodide (KI) solution was added to the cell as the electrolyte and the teeth were then immersed in this solution. Copper electrodes with 1 milliampere (mA) conductance capacity were used as anodes to complete the circuit. The results were read daily, with a digital voltmeter connected to the experimental cell, for a total of 21 days. The changes in amount of leakage from day to day within the groups were evaluated by a “t-test for dependent samples” and the difference between two groups was analyzed by “t-test for independent samples”. Results: The difference of apical leakage amount between two experimental groups was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Both groups showed significant leakage at all time periods (p<0.05). Conclusion: RSA alone was not different in terms of leakage from gutta-percha compacted with RSA. However, RSA was not totally effective in preventing leakage

Efficacy of different devices in removing calcium hydroxide from the root canal

Objectives: The aim was to compare the efficiency of removing calcium hydroxide (CH) with different devices and irrigants. Materials and Methods: Ten roots were served as positive and negative controls, the remaining roots (n=75) were assigned into 5 respect to the removal techniques: Group (G) I, Master apical file- manual needle irrigation (MNI); GII, Canal Brush (CB)-MNI; GIII, RinsEndo; GIV, Self-adjusting file(SAF)-Vatea; GV, CB+MNI, followed by SAF+Vatea. The roots were grooved longitudinally and split into halves.  Three specimens from each group were randomly selected to evaluate CH remnants under the SEM. A digital camera acquired images of each half of the canal. A scoring system was used to assess amount of residue. Data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests (p &lt; 0.05). Results: Remnants of CH were found in all experimental groups. Examining the efficacy of CH removal from the each third of the canal showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the middle (p=0,003) and cervical (p=0,006) thirds. Conclusions: None of the techniques removed the CH medicament completely; the use of the RE and SAF facilitated removal of CH especially from the cervical third

Evaluation of different irrigation techniques on dentin erosion and smear layer removal: A scanning electron microscopy study

Aim:&nbsp;The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the effectiveness of different irrigation techniques EndoVac, RinsEndo, Canal CleanMax (CCMax), SonicMax, Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation (PUI), and Manual Needle Irrigation (MNI) on dentin erosion and smear layer removal using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM).Materials and methods:&nbsp;Seventy extracted single-rooted teeth were instrumented with ProTaper rotary instruments. The roots were randomly divided into six experimental groups (n&nbsp;= 10): EndoVac, RinsEndo, CCMax, SonicMax, PUI, and MNI. Final irrigation was performed with NaOCl followed by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and NaOCl. Six roots served as control and were irrigated with only NaOCl. Next, the roots were sectioned in a buccolingual direction and the halves were examined by SEM. Smear layer and erosion scores were recorded in the cervical, middle and apical third of the roots. Data analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney&nbsp;U-tests with a level of significance α = 0.05.Results:&nbsp;PUI had the greatest amount of smear layer compared to other groups (P&nbsp;&lt; 0.001). However, SonicMax had the greatest degree of erosion compared to RinsEndo, MNI, PUI, and EndoVac groups (P&nbsp;&lt; 0.001) and CCMax group (P&nbsp;&lt; 0.05).Conclusions:&nbsp;RinsEndo and EndoVac techniques left the least amount of smear layer while causing erosion the least compared to CCMax, PUI, and MNI techniques.Keywords:&nbsp;Erosion; irrigation; scanning electronic microscope; smear layer.</p

Cytotoxic effects of four different endodontic materials in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts

The purpose of this study was to compare the cytotoxicity, induced apoptosis and/or necrosis, and apoptotic mechanisms in human periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts treated with four different endodontic materials: White ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) (MTA/Dentsply; Tulsa Dental, Memphis, TN), Diaket (ESPE, Seefeld, Germany), Endion (VOCO, Cuxhaven, Germany), and CYMED 8410 (NANO, Kaohsiung, Taiwan). The effects of these four materials on the viability of PDL fibroblasts were determined by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazoyl)-2,5-diphenyl-SH-tetrazolium bromide) assay. Apoptotic pathways were evaluated via several mechanisms. Exposure to MTA for 24, 48, and 72 hours resulted in no significant differences in MTT reduction and viable cell number compared with controls. However, treatment of PDL fibroblasts with Diaket Endion, and CYMED 8410 for 24, 48, and 72 hours resulted in cytotoxicity with MTT and a reduction of viable cell number with trypan blue dye exclusion test compared with controls (from p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Annexin V-FITC/PI staining showed that Diaket, Endion, and CYMED 8410 induced higher percentages of apoptosis and/or necrosis than in controls (45.6%, 25.5%, and 6.3%, respectively). Results of cell-cycle analyses were concordant with annexin V-FITC/PI staining findings. These results suggest that MTA is a very biocompatible filling material. However, Diaket, Endion, and CYMED 8410 are toxic to PDL fibroblasts in vitro. The main form of cell death induced by these filling materials was determined to be apoptosis and/or necrosis

Effects Of Different Rotary Files Combined With Different Irrigation Needles On Apically Extruded Debris

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