Benchmarking of Irrigation Performance in Karatas and Karacal Irrigation Associations

This study was carried out to evaluate the system performances of Karatas and Karacal irrigation associations located in Burdur province. Karatas irrigation association was put into operation in 1982 and Karacal irrigation association in 2015 with irrigation areas are 5476 and 4975 ha, respectively. The same public personnel were appointed to both irrigation associations as the Head of the Association in 2018, and as of 2019, both irrigation Associations were gathered under the management of Karatas irrigation association. In this study, the performances of Karatas irrigation, which has an old and predominantly open canal system, and Karacal irrigation systems, which are relatively new and have a pressurized irrigation system, between the years 2015-2019 have been evaluated. In the performance evaluation, a set of indicators under two main headings as water use efficiency, and financial efficiency recommended by the International Technology and Research Program in Irrigation and Drainage (IPTRID) was used. According to the results of the research, when the water use efficiency is examined, especially Annual relative irrigation supply (0.53-0.73 for Karatas; 0.47-0.96 for Karacal) and irrigation ratio (20-72% for Karatas; 36% for Karacal) 55) values were not at the desired levels. In terms of Financial Efficiency, cost recovery ratio (119-401% for Karatas; 144-311 for Karacal) and revenue collection performance (78-442% for Karatas; 10-130 for Karacal) were found to be high. Although this is a new irrigation, Karacal irrigation shows that relatively high maintenance costs are incurred. Total operating maintenance and management (MOM) cost per unit area is US$9.60-14.98/ha for Karatas and as 1.32-22.92 US$/ha for Karacal. These values showed that, in general, both irrigations have sufficient financial strength

Vertical displacement of collapsed bridge in Palau

Vertical displacement of the Korror-Babeldaop (KB) Bridge in Palau is presented. This bridge was built in 1977 by the cantilever method and collapsed 3 months after remedial prestressing in 1996. KB Bridge was a segmental prestressed concrete girder having the world record of 241 m and maximum girder depth of 14.17 m. The final mid-span deflection was in design expected to be 0.53 to 0.65 m but after 18 years it reached 1.39 m and was still increasing. With a very limited amount of official information of the bridge was available and bridge was analyzed by ANSYS finite element program. Presented is an accurate analysis using 5392 hexahedral three-dimensional (3D) finite elements with 9614 nodes by ANSYS. Hognestad concrete model and Solid 65 element type were considered. The actual vertical displacements of free end of the cantilever bridge under truck loading were compared with the 3D finite element analyses results in order to come up with a benchmark model. The collapse reasons of KB Bridge were discussed

Yapı dergisi (1941-1943): 2. Dünya Savaşı Türkiye'sinde mimarlık pratiği ve ideolojisi üzerine bir çalışma

This thesis aims to analyse the architectural production in Turkey during the Second World War period with reference to its socio-political contexts, by examining and scrutinizing an architectural periodical published in this period: Yapı. The conceptual framework of this study about the practical and ideological aspects of the discipline are drawn by considering the developments and dynamics of the early Republican Period. In the first chapter of the study after the introduction, the functions of periodical publications for the cultural atmosphere and the architectural periodicals for the discipline of architecture in particular, are examined in the direction of clarifying the reason of choosing a periodical for an architectural analysis of a specific period. In the following part of this chapter, the early Republican architectural periodicals are introduced together with their reasons of establishment and the architectural conditions of the period. Lastly, the focus of this study, Yapı, is introduced with its identity as a periodical by examining its founders, content and publication quality. In the second chapter, firstly architecture of the country throughout the early Republican period is examined by focusing on the significance and effects of the Second World War on Turkey so as to reveal the existing medium that compelled the architects and intellectuals to reconsider their points of view. The second part of this chapter attempts to make a comparative architectural analysis of the period based on the approaches and articles of Yapı by determining the characteristics and objectives of the periodical and demonstrating the main arguments of the editors and authors on contemporary architectural practice and ideology. In the conclusion part, the outcomes of the analysis of Yapı and its arguments on the architecture and contextual developments of the Second World War period are evaluated in correlation with the meaning and place of these struggles in the contemporary medium of architecture.M.A. - Master of Art

Karşılaştırmalı Performans Göstergeleri Kullanılarak Hayrabolu Sulama Şebekesinin Değerlendirilmesi

Performance of Hayrabolu Irrigation Scheme of the Thrace district in Turkey was evaluated using some selected comparative indicators, classified into five groups, namely, agricultural, economic, water-use, physical and environmental performance by International Water Management Institute (IWMI). Agricultural performance, evaluated in different type of Gross Value of Production, was determined lower than that of the other respective national average. Analyses of water-use performance showed that relative water and relative irrigation supply were calculated 1.91 and 1.55 respectively, indicating that water distribution is not tightly related to crop water demand. Economic performance indicators showed that the scheme had a serious problem about the collection of water fees. Physical performance, evaluated in terms of irrigation ratio and sustainability of irrigated land, were poor. Under environmental performance studies, no damages such as waterlogging and salinity were detected in the irrigated area through excessive water use.Uluslararası Su Yönetimi Enstitüsü (IWMI) tarafından geliştirilen bazı karşılaştırmalı göstergeler yardımı ile Hayrabolu Sulama Şebekesine ait tarımsal, ekonomik, su kullanımı, fiziksel ve çevresel performans değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. Farklı tipte toplam üretim değerlerine bağlı olarak belirlenen Tarımsal performans değeri ülke ortalamasının altında saptanmıştır. Su kullanım performansı göstergelerinden nispi su sağlama ve nispi sulama suyu sağlama değerleri sırasıyla, 1.91 ve 1.55 olarak hesaplanmıştır ki bu su dağıtımı ile bitki su ihtiyacı arasında sıkı bir ilişki olmadığını göstermiştir. Ekonomik performans göstergeleri, şebekenin su toplama konusunda ciddi bir probleme sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Sulama oranı ve sürdürülebilir sulama alanı olarak değerlendirilen fiziksel performans değeri, zayıf olarak belirlenmiştir. Çevre performans çalışmaları altında tuzluluk ve göllenme gibi zararların oluşmadığı saptanmıştır

Creating A Water Management Information System by Using Geographical Information Systems in Local Governments: in Case of Tekirdag Province

With the emergence of technology in every aspect of our lives, various applications have emerged in water management. Many water and wastewater utilities are starting to use smart water management practices regarding water and wastewater. Currently, there is a need to improve existing practices and to develop new technologies and alternative models. However, there are different methods for removing or improving existing ones for the future of applications. In this context, the information should be accurate, fast, useful and accessible. However, data should be prevented from being single handed. Two main problems are encountered in accessing data. The first problem is whether data is available and not available. The second problem is that the data are unavailable due to a lack of a certain methodology. Generally speaking, many institutions need similar data because of their overlapping duties and responsibilities. On the one hand, the production of the same data by different institutions causes unnecessary personnel employment and expenditure. On the other hand, it is very difficult to reach the desired information in a data structure prepared without a certain methodology. It is almost impossible to understand, analyze and use the data effectively, except for the personnel who prepared this data. For this reason, the data structure should be arranged and transformed into a more understandable one. In this article, a database has been created using the data of Tekirdag Water and Sewerage Administration General Directorate (TESKI), affiliated to Tekirdag Metropolitan Municipality. In this context, data from TESKI, Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Mineral Research and Exploration Agency, Tekirdag Metropolitan Municipality Department of Reconstruction and Urban Planning, Earthquake Risk Management and Urban Improvement and Real Estate Expropriation were collected. The data, format and contents obtained were transferred to the database that was planned to be created by pre-processing. A Geographical Information Systems database has been created for TESKI institution personnel, where they can access data in a simple and fast way

The impact of illuminance and color temperature on performance at offices

Ofislerde konfor koşulları sağlandığında üretim ve performansın arttığı bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada aydınlık düzeyi ve renk sıcaklığının performansa olan etkisi araştırılmıştır. Fiziksel konfor koşullarının sağlandığı bir deney düzeneğinde, psikolojik konfor koşullarını araştırmak için dört farklı aydınlık düzeyi (500-750-1000-2000 lx) ve üç farklı renk sıcaklığı (4000ºK-2700ºK- Karma Renk Sıcaklığı) ile sekiz farklı aydınlatma senaryosu oluşturulmuştur. Her bir aydınlatma senaryosunda, aydınlık düzeyinin ve renk sıcaklığının ölçülen tek parametre olduğu koşulda performans ölçümleri ve mekân algılama değerlendirilmiştir. Anket çalışması yapılmış, sonuçlar Mann Whitney İşaret Testi ve χ2 Testi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları aydınlık düzeyinin tek değişken olduğu koşulun performansa etkisinin olmadığını, ancak mekân algılamayı etkilediğini göstermektedir. Renk sıcaklıklarındaki değişim mekân algılamada ve performans ölçümlerinde fark yaratmıştır.  Anahtar Kelimeler: Aydınlık düzeyi, renk sıcaklığı, parıltı, öznel parıltı, algılama.At offices, productivity and performance increase as long as comfort conditions are satisfied. This statement is the main goal for the present study. Visual comfort conditions are achieved in a full scale room by means of avoiding reflected glare on the working surface and within the room. Psychological comfort conditions are investigated at the same setting by a lighting control system. The lighting system is flexible for four different illumination levels (500-750-1000-2000lx) and three different color temperatures (4000°K-2700°K- Mixed Color Temperature) and it is operated by a remote control unit. A total of eight lighting scenarios were programmed for the experimental setting. The change in performance and space perception is evaluated by a questionnaire and data is analyzed statistically by Mann Whitney U Test and ?2 Test. Illuminance and color temperature are the dependent variables for the study and their effects are evaluated independently. Test results indicate that the change in the illuminance level does not affect performance as long as it is the only variable at an office setting; however it is influential on space evaluation and psychological comfort. The change in color temperature has affected both the performance and the space evaluation. The most preferred lighting scenarios are the mixed color temperature mood (the combination of 4000°K and 2700°K) with 2000lx illumination level and 4000°K color temperature with 750lx. Also, these two lighting scenarios are indicated as suitable and they are offered for an office setting. Keywords: Illuminance, color temperature, luminance, perceived brightness, perception

Effect of Sport Training and Education on Q Angle in Young Males and Females

The purpose of this study investigation of the effect of sport training and education on Q angle in young males and females. The Quadriceps Q angles of 240 female and 600 male subject were measured in both supine and standing positions by goniometer. It was used t-tests for statistical analyses. In this study, the average age was found to be 19.16 for women and 21.120 for men. The vast majority of participants are in the 17-22 age range. In this study, was found the mean Q angle of female and male subjects at supine position 15.710 and 13.020. On the other hand Q angle of female and male subjects at standing position were 17.050 and 14.040 respectively. The difference between mean Q angle of female and male subject was statistically significant (p0.05). Finally, the mean dominant knee Q angle of young females and males seemed to be in normal range. The high value of the knee Q angle of the dominant leg should be considered to be greater than 17 for males and 20 for females. The effect of physical activity on Q-angle should be investigated more extensively. It is thought that sport education has a decreasing effect on Q angle

An approach to determine facade options in accordance with different orientations in elementary school classrooms from the perspective of lighting energy management

Bu doktora çalışmasında, bir derslik hacminde iklimsel ve görsel konfor koşulları açısından, yöne bağlı olarak en uygun cephe düzenlemelerinin elde edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaçla, Bayındırlık ve İskan Bakanlığı’nın tip ilköğretim okulu projelerinin derslik hacimlerinde uyguladığı mevcut cephe düzeni ile iklimsel ve görsel konfor koşulları açısından yönlere göre geliştirilen uygun cephe düzenlemelerinin yapma aydınlatma enerjisi tüketimleri açısından bir karşılaştırması yapılmıştır. Dersliklerde sağlanan günışığı aydınlık düzeyleri Radiance simulasyon programı aracılığı ile hesaplanmıştır. İlköğretim okulunun İstanbul’da olduğu düşünülerek,  2006-2007 öğretim yılı boyunca ve okulların açık olduğu saatler için, günışığı hesaplamaları yapılmıştır. Günışığı hesaplamalarında mevcut kabuktan elde edilen değerlere bağlı olarak her ayı karakterize eden gün belirlenmiş ve öneri kabuk alternatifleri için yapılan günışığı hesaplamaları bu kabule göre karakteristik gün için yapılmıştır. Enerji etkin tasarım ilkelerine göre yönlere bağlı geliştirilen öneri kabuk alternatiflerinde gölgeleme istenen dönem göz önünde bulundurularak, dış gölgeleme araçları uygulanmıştır. Gölgeleme araçlarının pozisyonları sabit ve hareketli olmak üzere iki şekilde kabul edilmiştir. Mevcut kabuk, sabit gölgeleme aracına sahip öneri kabuk 1 ve hareketli gölgeleme aracına sahip öneri kabuk 2 alternatiflerinin hacimde sağlanan günışığı değerlerine bağlı olarak yapma aydınlatma enerji yükleri belirlenmiştir. Kabuk alternatiflerinin yönler değişkenine bağlı olarak, hacimde elde edilen enerji yükleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Sonuçlar aydınlatma ekonomisi ve görsel konfor koşulları açısından değerlendirilerek uygun çözüm belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Enerji etkin tasarım, aydınlatma enerjisi yönetimi, ilköğretim aydınlatması.The concepts of sustainability and sustainable development take into account life conditions of future generations and environmental values while meeting contemporary needs and to this end, they entail the creation of healthy environments for human beings in the relationship established between environment, economy, and technology. Sustainability also requires an accurate and planned use of natural light, that is, daylight in the context of energy efficient lighting design. Changes and developments that have occurred in Turkey's educational field in recent years should be reflected in the design processes and implementations of educational buildings and they should be regarded as a whole. In elementary school designs, type projects are implemented by the Ministry of Public Works and Settlement. Type project implementation entails a design process which is independent of location and thus can be repeated in multiple sites in various forms. Natural, physical and structural characteristics of the specific location, which constitute the data for the project's design process, are ignored. This study aims to evaluate and implement energy efficient design principles in the design of elementary schools. In line with this objective, a new approach is proposed to obtain the most appropriate direction dependant facade configuration in terms of climatic and visual comfort conditions in a classroom cubage. In the study, envelope options for this approach which provide climatically and visually optimal conditions depending upon the orientation of Istanbul region are identified. The results obtained are evaluated in terms of energy management. A classroom was taken from the Type Elementary School Projects and the Radiance simulation program was used to calculate the daylight levels achieved in cubage with the existing envelope and in other envelope configurations proposed for different orientations. Based on the assumption that the elementary school was located in Istanbul, daylight levels were calculated for between September and June in the 2006-2007academic year. In daylight calculations, a characteristic day was determined for each month according to the values obtained from the existing envelope and daylight calculations for the proposed envelope alternatives were designed accordingly on the specified day of the month. Taking into account the period for which shading was desired, external shading instruments were implemented in the proposed orientation-dependent envelope alternatives were developed in accordance with energy efficient design principles. A two-fold position of fixed and movable was adopted for shading instruments. Artificial lighting loads were determined in relation to daylight levels harvested with the existing envelope. In  the envelope proposal I with fixed shading instrument, and in the envelope proposal II with movable shading instrument. Energy loads obtained in cubage depending on the orientation variable of envelope alternatives were compared. The results were evaluated from the perspective of lighting economy and visual comfort conditions and were tried to design an appropriate solution. Viewed from the perspective of energy loads, when shading instruments are in a fixed position, monthly artificial lighting energy is slightly more in the east and the south orientation compared to the energy expenditure caused by the existing building envelope. However, when viewed in terms of visual comfort conditions, the absence of a glare problem and the achievement of a homogenous distribution of light are among the positive aspects of fixed shading instruments. In the south orientation, a significant amount of energy saving is achieved in comparison to the existing building envelope. In the case of movable shading instruments, as windows are not shaded except for the period when shading is desired, in east, west and south orientation, significant energy savings can be achieved in monthly energy expenditures caused by artificial lighting systems compared to the existing envelope. Among the proposed alternatives, in the north orientation, due to increased transparency ratio, artificial lighting energy expenditure is lower. Considering the results explained above, when the position of the lighting instruments are automated depending on the effect of the sunlight on the facade, better results can be obtained in terms both of visual and climatic comfort and of lighting, heating/cooling loads. In this context, further studies can be conducted on the optimization of lighting and climatization loads. Keywords: Energy efficient design, lighting energy management, elementary school lighting.