Animal welfare considerations for using large carnivores and guardian dogs as vertebrate biocontrol tools against other animals

Introducing consumptive and non-consumptive effects into food webs can have profound effects on individuals, populations and communities. This knowledge has led to the deliberate use of predation and/or fear of predation as an emerging technique for controlling wildlife. Many now advocate for the intentional use of large carnivores and livestock guardian dogs as more desirable alternatives to traditional wildlife control approaches like fencing, shooting, trapping, or poisoning. However, there has been very little consideration of the animal welfare implications of deliberately using predation as a wildlife management tool. We assess the animal welfare impacts of using dingoes, leopards and guardian dogs as biocontrol tools against wildlife in Australia and South Africa following the ‘Five Domains’ model commonly used to assess other wildlife management tools. Application of this model indicates that large carnivores and guardian dogs cause considerable lethal and non-lethal animal welfare impacts to the individual animals they are intended to control. These impacts are likely similar across different predator-prey systems, but are dependent on specific predator-prey combinations; combinations that result in short chases and quick kills will be rated as less harmful than those that result in long chases and protracted kills. Moreover, these impacts are typically rated greater than those caused by traditional wildlife control techniques. The intentional lethal and non-lethal harms caused by large carnivores and guardian dogs should not be ignored or dismissively assumed to be negligible. A greater understanding of the impacts they impose would benefit from empirical studies of the animal welfare outcomes arising from their use in different contexts

Application of evidence-based methods to construct mechanism-driven chemical assessment frameworks

The workshop titled “Application of evidence-based methods to construct mechanism-driven chemical assessment frameworks” was co-organized by the Evidence-based Toxicology Collaboration and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and hosted by EFSA at its headquarters in Parma, Italy on October 2 and 3, 2019. The goal was to explore integration of systematic review with mechanistic evidence evaluation. Participants were invited to work on concrete products to advance the exploration of how evidence-based approaches can support the development and application of adverse outcome pathways (AOP) in chemical risk assessment. The workshop discussions were centered around three related themes: 1) assessing certainty in AOPs, 2) literature-based AOP development, and 3) integrating certainty in AOPs and non-animal evidence into decision frameworks. Several challenges, mostly related to methodology, were identified and largely determined the workshop recommendations. The workshop recommendations included the comparison and potential alignment of processes used to develop AOP and systematic review methodology, including the translation of vocabulary of evidence-based methods to AOP and vice versa, the development and improvement of evidence mapping and text mining methods and tools, as well as a call for a fundamental change in chemical risk and uncertainty assessment methodology if to be conducted based on AOPs and new approach methodologies (NAM). The usefulness of evidence-based approaches for mechanism-based chemical risk assessments was stressed, particularly the potential contribution of the rigor and transparency inherent to such approaches in building stakeholders’ trust for implementation of NAM evidence and AOPs into chemical risk assessment

Consensus Statement on Dementia Education and Training in Europe

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the current statement is to agree on: (1) what is the current situation with education and training on dementia in Europe; (2) what are the minimum educational requirements for professionals (neurologists, psychiatrists, primary care providers, nurses, biologists, neuroradiologists, etc.) regarding Alzheimer's disease and dementia, and (3) how to start a course of action for the future. DESIGN: In 2005, a simple questionnaire was sent to members of the European Alzheimer's Disease Consortium (EADC) concerning the education and training on dementia in their countries. Fourteen universities of the respective countries responded to this simple questionnaire. The answers varied, and the conclusion of this effort was that little was done concerning the training of students and health professionals on dementia. In 2008, another more structured and specified questionnaire was sent to professors in different universities of the same countries. RESULTS: The answers obtained were different from those of the previous questionnaire and demonstrated that it is very difficult to know about training and education in the field of dementia in every European country. CONCLUSION: From the data collected, it seems that although in the recent past little had been done concerning training on dementia, nowadays training has been developed in most European countries, and relevant educational projects exist both for medical students and doctors during their specialty training. Our main purpose is to develop training material or develop specific courses to improve the professional knowledge about dementia so that best medical and non-medical practice is implemented

Supplementary Material for: Tradeoffs in the sensory brain between diurnal and nocturnal rodents

Introduction: Transitions in temporal niche have occurred many times over the course of mammalian evolution. These are associated with changes in sensory stimuli available to animals, particularly with visual cues, because levels of light are so much higher during the day than night. This relationship between temporal niche and available sensory stimuli elicits the expectation that evolutionary transitions between diurnal and nocturnal lifestyles will be accompanied by modifications of sensory systems that optimize the ability of animals to receive, process, and react to important stimuli in the environment. Methods: This study examines the influence of temporal niche on investment in sensory brain tissue of 13 rodent species (five diurnal; eight nocturnal). Animals were euthanized and the brain immediately frozen on dry ice; olfactory bulbs were subsequently dissected and weighed, and the remaining brain was weighed, sectioned, and stained. Stereo Investigator was used to calculate volumes of four sensory regions that function in processing visual (lateral geniculate nucleus, superior colliculus) and auditory (medial geniculate nucleus, inferior colliculus) information. A phylogenetic framework was used to assess the influence of temporal niche on the relative sizes of these brain structures and of olfactory bulb weights. Results: Compared to nocturnal species, diurnal species had larger visual regions, whereas nocturnal species had larger olfactory bulbs than their diurnal counterparts. Of the two auditory structures examined, one (medial geniculate nucleus) was larger in diurnal species, while the other (inferior colliculus) did not differ significantly with temporal niche. Conclusion: Our results indicate a possible indirect association between temporal niche and auditory investment and suggest probable tradeoffs of investment between olfactory and visual areas of the brain, with diurnal species investing more in processing visual information and nocturnal species investing more in processing olfactory information

Bringing objectivity to wildlife management: Welfare effects of guardian dogs

Letter to the Edito

An outback oasis: the ecological importance of bilby burrows

Ecosystem engineers are species that have a role in creating and maintaining certain habitat traits that are important for other species. Burrowing species do this by creating subterranean refugia from predation and thermal extremes, but also providing foraging opportunities through soil movement and by increasing local landscape heterogeneity. In this study, we used camera traps to monitor the burrows of greater bilbies (Macrotis lagotis), a vulnerable Australian marsupial, in an area subject to frequent disturbance by fire. We tested the hypothesis that bilby burrows provide refuge for other species and therefore their presence increases biodiversity. In total, 45 taxa – 22 bird, 16 reptile and 7 mammal taxa – were recorded interacting with 127 burrows across 7 sites. Species richness was greater at burrows compared with vegetation away from burrows, while abundance was no different. There was no difference in species assemblage for bilby burrows that were actively maintained by bilbies compared with abandoned burrows, although there was more activity at bilby maintained burrows. A wildfire allowed us to test the ad hoc hypothesis that the use of bilby burrows was greater when vegetation cover was removed by fire. We recorded significant differences in species assemblage interacting with burrows after fire, although overall species richness and abundance did not change. The response of individual species was variable; for example, burrows provide a refuge for smaller species (such as mice and small reptiles), and may therefore protect them from the effects of fire. Where they persist, bilbies provide an important ecosystem engineering service, as their burrows support a broad range of species. Further reduction in the distribution of the bilby is therefore likely to have a flow-on effect on biodiversity, impacting species that use their burrows for refuge