From equilibrium to non-equilibrium statistical mechanics of liquids

Relevant and fundamental concepts of the statistical mechanical theory of classical liquids are ordinarily introduced in the context of the description of thermodynamic equilibrium states. This makes explicit reference to probability distribution functions of \emph{equilibrium} statistical ensembles (canonical, microcanonical, ...) in the derivation of general and fundamental relations between inter-particle interactions and measurable macroscopic properties of a given system. This includes, for instance, expressing the internal energy and the pressure as functionals of the radial distribution function, or writing transport coefficients (diffusion constant, linear viscosity, ...) in terms of integral relations involving both, static and dynamic auto-correlation functions (density-density, stress-stress, ...). Most commonly, however, matter is not in thermodynamic equilibrium, and this calls for the extension of these relations to out-of-equilibrium conditions with the aim of understanding, for example, the time-dependent transient states during the process of equilibration, or the aging of glass- and gel-forming liquids during the formation of non-equilibrium amorphous solid states. In this work we address this issue from both, a general perspective and an illustrative concrete application focused on the first principles description of rheological and viscoelastic properties of glass- and gel-forming liquids

High-throughput hyperdimensional vertebrate phenotyping

Most gene mutations and biologically active molecules cause complex responses in animals that cannot be predicted by cell culture models. Yet animal studies remain too slow and their analyses are often limited to only a few readouts. Here we demonstrate high-throughput optical projection tomography with micrometer resolution and hyperdimensional screening of entire vertebrates in tens of seconds using a simple fluidic system. Hundreds of independent morphological features and complex phenotypes are automatically captured in three dimensions with unprecedented speed and detail in semi-transparent zebrafish larvae. By clustering quantitative phenotypic signatures, we can detect and classify even subtle alterations in many biological processes simultaneously. We term our approach hyperdimensional in vivo phenotyping (HIP). To illustrate the power of HIP, we have analyzed the effects of several classes of teratogens on cartilage formation using 200 independent morphological measurements and identified similarities and differences that correlate well with their known mechanisms of actions in mammals

Humanized mice in dengue research: a comparison with other mouse models

Abstract: Dengue virus (DENV) is an arbovirus of the Flaviviridae family and is an enveloped virion containing a positive sense single-stranded RNA genome. DENV causes dengue fever (DF) which is characterized by an undifferentiated syndrome accompanied by fever, fatigue, dizziness, muscle aches, and in severe cases, patients can deteriorate and develop life-threatening vascular leakage, bleeding, and multi-organ failure. DF is the most prevalent mosquito-borne disease affecting more than 390 million people per year with a mortality rate close to 1% in the general population but especially high among children. There is no specific treatment and there is only one licensed vaccine with restricted application. Clinical and experimental evidence advocate the role of the humoral and T-cell responses in protection against DF, as well as a role in the disease pathogenesis. A lot of pro-inflammatory factors induced during the infectious process are involved in increased severity in dengue disease. The advances in DF research have been hampered by the lack of an animal model that recreates all the characteristics of this disease. Experiments in nonhuman primates (NHP) had failed to reproduce all clinical signs of DF disease and during the past decade, humanized mouse models have demonstrated several benefits in the study of viral diseases affecting humans. In DENV studies, some of these models recapitulate specific signs of disease that are useful to test drugs or vaccine candidates. However, there is still a need for a more complete model mimicking the full spectrum of DENV. This review focuses on describing the advances in this area of research

Catalytic Decomposition of n-C-7 Asphaltenes Using Tungsten Oxides-Functionalized SiO2 Nanoparticles in Steam/Air Atmospheres

A wide range of technologies are being developed to increase oil recovery, reserves, and perform in situ upgrading of heavy crude oils. In this study, supported tungsten oxide nanoparticles were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for adsorption and catalytic performance during wet in situ combustion (6% of steam in the air, in volumetric fraction) of n-C-7 asphaltenes. Silica nanoparticles of 30 nm in diameter were synthesized using a sol-gel methodology and functionalized with tungsten oxides, using three different concentrations and calcination temperatures: 1%, 3%, 5% (mass fraction), and 350 degrees C, 450 degrees C, and 650 degrees C, respectively. Equilibrium batch adsorption experiments were carried out at 25 celcius with model solutions of n-C-7 asphaltenes diluted in toluene at concentrations from 100 mg center dot L-1 to 2000 mg center dot L-1, and catalytic wet in situ combustion of adsorbed heavy fractions was carried out by thermogravimetric analysis coupled to FT-IR. The results showed improvements of asphaltenes decomposition by the action of the tungsten oxide nanoparticles due to the reduction in the decomposition temperature of the asphaltenes up to 120 degrees C in comparison with the system in the absence of WOX nanoparticles. Those synthesis parameters, such as temperature and impregnation dosage, play an important role in the adsorptive and catalytic activity of the materials, due to the different WOX-support interactions as were found through XPS. The mixture released during the catalyzed asphaltene decomposition in the wet air atmosphere reveals an increase in light hydrocarbons, methane, and hydrogen content. Hydrogen production was prioritized between 300 and 400 degrees C where, similarly, the reduction of CO, CH4, and the increase in CO2 content, associated with water-gas shift, and methane reforming reactions occur, respectively. The results show that these catalysts can be used either for in situ upgrading of crude oil, or any application where heavy fractions must be transformed

Two new glassfrogs (Centrolenidae: Hyalinobatrachium) from Ecuador, with comments on the endangered biodiversity of the Andes.

Background The Tropical Andes is the world's most biodiverse hotspot. This region contains >1,000 amphibian species, more than half of which are endemic. Herein we describe two new glassfrog species (Centrolenidae: Hyalinobatrachium) that we discovered within relatively unexplored and isolated localities of the Ecuadorian Andes. Methods We employed morphological, acoustic, and molecular methods to test the hypothesis that Hyalinobatrachium mashpi sp. nov and H. nouns sp. nov. are species new to science. Following standard methods, we generated mitochondrial sequences (16S) of 37 individuals in the genus Hyalinobatrachium. We inferred the phylogenetic relationships of the two new species in comparison to all other glassfrogs using Maximum Likelihood. In addition to describing the call of H. mashpi sp. nov., we performed a discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) with the advertisement call characteristics of several congeners. Results Based on an integrative taxonomy approach, we describe two new species. Morphological traits and the inferred phylogeny unambiguously place the new taxa in the genus Hyalinobatrachium. Both species are distinguished from other glassfrogs mainly by their dorsal coloration (i.e., dorsum lime green with small light yellow spots, head usually with interorbital bar) and transparent pericardium (i.e., the heart is visible through the ventral skin). The new species exhibit a high morphological similarity (i.e., cryptic) and occur within relatively close geographical proximity (closest aerial distance = 18.9 km); however, their uncorrected p distance for the mitochondrial gene 16S is 4.6-4.7%, a value that greatly exceeds the genetic distance between closely related species of centrolenid frogs. The DAPC revealed that the advertisement call of H. mashpi sp. nov. is acoustically distinct. Discussion Our findings are congruent with several previous studies that report a high degree of endemism in the Toisán mountain range, which appears to be isolated from the main Andean cordillera for some amphibian groups. We recommend that both H. mashpi sp. nov. and H. nouns sp. nov. be listed as Endangered, following IUCN criteria. These new species provide another example of cryptic diversity in the Andes-further evidence that the region fosters much more biodiversity than we have the resources to catalog. Threatened by mining and other exploitative industries, these glassfrogs and many other yet-to-be-discovered Andean species highlight the dire need for effective conservation measures-especially in northwestern Ecuador

Software para el cálculo de la huella ambiental en la producción de cacao

El presente artículo contiene aspectos importantes en las diferentes etapas del cultivo de cacao, además, los componentes representativos, agentes involucrados e indicadores para el cálculo de la huella de carbono e hídrica, que mejora el sistema de producción de la comunidad de cacaocultores del Huila con el desarrollo de un Software el cual, se aborda con una metodología ágil a través del método SCRUM. En la etapa de análisis se toma las variables involucradas en la producción de cacao, y las normativas ambientales internacionales vigente

Ávila: acceso vía Internet a los laboratorios

ÁVILA es una herramienta desarrollada dentro del Departamento de Tecnología Electrónica para acceder a los laboratorios de Redes y Comunicaciones vía Internet. El objetivo más importante que se ha perseguido con esta herramienta es permitir a los alumnos realizar prácticas de laboratorio de manera remota, ya que se tiene un acceso completo a los equipos de comunicaciones como si se estuviera in sit

Active flux seasonality of the small dominant migratory crustaceans and mesopelagic fishes in the Gulf of California during June and October

The biological carbon pump is the process that transports carbon vertically out of the mixed layer in the ocean. Besides the sinking flux of organic particles, active flux due to the daily vertical migration of zooplankton and micronekton promotes a significant carbon transport not fully accounted for or understood in the world’s oceans. The diversity and abundance of epipelagic and mesopelagic species in the Gulf of California has been extensively studied, but the role of micronekton in carbon export has not yet been investigated. We studied the carbon flux promoted by juvenile and adult mesopelagic fishes and crustaceans (Decapoda and Euphausiidae) during the transition from the cold to warm period (June) and the onset of the warm season (October) in 2018. We provide the first estimation of migrant biomass and respiratory flux of the most abundant migratory species of mesopelagic fishes, decapods and euphausiids in the Gulf of California. The micronekton species collected accounted for a large biomass of mesopelagic fishes and pelagic crustaceans. The average migrant biomass estimates were 151.5 ± 101.2 mg C·m−2 during June and 90.9 ± 75.3 mg C·m−2 during October. The enzymatic activity of the electron transfer system (ETS) was measured as an estimate of their respiratory rates. Average specific ETS activity was significantly different between fishes and decapods, and between fishes and euphausiids (p < 0.05). The respiratory flux of fishes was predominant in the Gulf of California, followed by pelagic decapods and euphausiids. Seasonal changes in respiratory flux were observed for fishes (June: 6.1 ± 1.5 mg C·m−2·d−1; October: 3.2 ± 1.8 mg C·m−2·d−1) and decapods (June: 0.4 mg C·m−2·d−1; October: 0.7 ± 0.05 mg C·m−2·d−1). Respiratory flux estimation by crustaceans (decapods and euphausiids) and fishes together was 6.86 mg C·m−2·d−1 during June, and 4.21 mg C·m−2·d−1 during October 2018, suggesting a functional role of this large micronektonic fauna in the biological carbon export in this region.3,26

Development of a thermostable, multivalent filovirus vaccine based on recombinant subunit proteins

Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is the most prominent example of filovirus disease but despite being characterized as a Category A Priority Pathogen by NIH/NIAID over a decade ago, it lacked public and private research resources due to the absence of a commercial market. Transmission from wild animals into the human population typically causes outbreaks of limited scale in endemic areas located in the forested regions of Central Africa and the Philippines (for Reston ebolavirus). In the past decade, a Zaire Ebolavirus (EBOV) outbreak causing more than 11,000 deaths in several West African countries started to reveal the true epidemic potential that filovirus infections can have when entering an urban setting in a highly mobile society. In addition a persistent outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo has continued since August 2018 despite significant progress with the clinical development of several EBOV vaccine candidates (one of which recently gained regulatory approvals in Europe, the U.S. and several African countries) and the advanced testing of promising EBOV specific therapeutics. Despite this significant progress, additional research is needed in particular on understanding the mechanism of protection and defining immune correlates of protection for Ebola and other filoviruses do develop fast and efficacious strategies for outbreak control as the incidence of outbreaks and total case numbers has significantly increased over the last decadesPlease click Download on the upper right corner to see the full abstract

Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of a Squash leaf curl virus isolate from Baja California Sur, Mexico

Background The begomovirus, squash leaf curl virus (SLCuV) is one of the causal agents of squash leaf curl (SLC) disease, which is among the most destructive diseases of cucurbit crops in tropical, subtropical, and semiarid regions worldwide. This disease was originally reported in the American continent with subsequent spread to the Mediterranean basin. Up to now, SLCuV has only been detected by PCR in Mexico. This study provides the first complete sequence of a Mexican SLCuV isolate from Baja California Sur (BCS). In addition, the genome of the virus was characterized, establishing its phylogenetic relationship with other SLCuV isolates. Methods The full genome (DNA-A and DNA-B) was amplified by rolling circle amplification, cloned and sequenced and the open reading frames (ORF) were annotated. Virus identification was performed according to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) criteria for begomovirus species demarcation. To infer evolutionary relationship with other SLCuV isolates, phylogenetic and recombination analyses were performed. Results The SLCuV-[MX-BCS-La Paz-16] genome (DNA-A and DNA-B) had 99% identity with SLCuV reference genomes. The phylogenetic analysis showed that SLCuV-[MX-BCS-La Paz-16] is closely related to SLCuV isolates from the Middle East (Egypt, Israel, Palestine and Lebanon). No evidence of interspecific recombination was determined and iterons were 100% identical in all isolates in the SLCuV clade. Conclusions SLCuV-[MX-BCS-La Paz-16] showed low genetic variability in its genome, which could be due to a local adaptation process (isolate environment), suggesting that SLCuV isolates from the Middle East could have derived from the southwestern United States of America (USA) and northwestern Mexico