Cypermethrin-Induced Toxic Effect on Glycogen Metabolism in Estuarine Clam, Marcia Opima (Gmelin, 1791) of Ratnagiri Coast, Maharashtra

Cypermethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid class of insecticide. Toxic effects of cypermethrin were studied by selecting Marcia opima as an animal model. Cypermethrins effect on the total glycogen content of mantle, gill, foot, hepatopancreas, male gonad and a female gonad of an estuarine clam, Marcia opima was examined. The clams were exposed to 1.58 ppm cypermethrin for acute and 1/10th of that concentration for chronic treatment. It was found that there was a decrease in glycogen content in various tissues as compared to control. In LC0 and LC50 groups, glycogen was decreased in all tissues except in hepatopancreas compared to control. This decrease is greater in mantle, gill, and foot in LC50 group than the decrease in those tissues of LC0 group. In chronic exposure it was found that glycogen was decreased in mantle, foot, male gonad, and female gonad when compared to the control group except in gill and hepatopancreas. Decrease in glycogen content indicates greater utilization of glycogen for metabolic purposes and too combat with cypermethrin stress. The significant increase in glycogen content in gill and hepatopancreas may be a reaction to the increase in energy demand

KULATHA: THERAPEUTIC APPROACH- A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

Ayurveda for the achievement of long, happy and healthy life has described Trayopasthamba (three sub pillars of life) - Ahara, Nidra and Brahmacharya. Among these Ahara is considered as the foremost sustainer of life. The classics have enumerated various food articles which come under the purview of food as well as medicine. Kulatha is one such dietary article having multiplicity in use from time immemorial. It can be utilized in different therapeutic conditions as food and also as medicine. They are good sources of proteins, which help to supplement cereals by improving their protein nutritive value. They also provide optimum quantities of minerals, vitamins and dietary fibre. It can be used as medicine both internally and externally. From Vedic period onwards different Ayurvedic samhitas has mentioned the pharmacological properties of Kulatha. It has been included under the Pathyas of many diseases such as Prameham, Amavatam, Swasam etc. In Ayurvedic classics under the Kritannakalpana supa, Holaka and Yusha are mentioned with Kulatha. Different preclinical and clinical trials has proved Kulatha as non toxic and therapeutically effective. Kulatha is cost effective and can be useful for the prevention as well as for the duration of diseases.

AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEY STUDY TO KNOW THE SLEEPING AND WAKE UP TIME OF ELDERLY AND ITS RELATION TO HEALTH

Vridh Awsatha compared with Geriatric Population is the state of “Vata Vridhi” related with various Vatavridhi disorders. The older individuals often suffer from multiple medical problems. Like, osteoarthritis, shortness of breath, congestive heart failure, all can lead to difficulty with sleep initiation and maintenance. Trouble with sleep is strongly correlated with complaints about health and depression. Studies examining the prevalence of sleep disturbances in patients with chronic medical diseases have reported that 31% of arthritis and 66% of chronic pain patients report difficulty falling asleep, while 81% of arthritis, 85% of chronic pain, and 33% of diabetes patients report difficulty staying asleep. In a recent National Sleep Foundation survey of adults aged 65 years and over, those with more medical conditions, including cardiac and pulmonary disease and depression, reported significantly more sleep complaints. Objective: This study has been conducted to evaluate the sleeping and waking time of elderly and Diseases pattern with sleep status. Methodology: Interview based Questionnaire was prepared to know the sleep timings, waking up timings of elderly. 96 subjects of both sex was selected from OPD of AIIA, and nearby place and collected data was analyzed by using odd’s. Conclusion: According to the study the health status is directly affected by the timings of sleeping and waking up i.e. people who wake up early tends to be healthier. So, to add the quality in the end years of life, sleep will be main domain to work upon

An approach to Manasa Pareeksha

Because of its nature, the mind is hard to grasp and almost impossible to control. It has the nature and movements of its own. Based on these facts, one can say that there is nothing more difficult to control than the mind. Thus understanding and assessing Manas (mind) is a difficult process involving many aspects. The present article highlights different approaches to Manasa Pareeksha, through Dashavidha Pareeksha, Anumana, through physiology of perception, and the Manasa Prakruti, etc. The Manas can also be accessed through the 12 factors mentioned in Bhagvatgeeta. The idea is to have different options in Manasa Pareeksha and to implement whichever type is needed to assess the condition of Manas in question

A REVIEW ON PASCHATA KARMA OF AHARA AND ITS EFFECT ON POSTPRANDIAL GLYCAEMIA W.S.R. SATAPADA GAMANA

Over the past several decades, the physical activities and fitness of Indian’s have significantly decreased which results in expand of non-communicable diseases where Diabetes is most common. Regular physical activity is accepted widely as an effective preventable measure for a variety of health risks as it helps in regulating blood glucose and other Physiological effects. Proper utilization of Glucose is very important. Limited instruction is available for post meal Procedure andabout physical activitywhich affects postprandial glycaemia. In this regard the present study is taken to find out the post dietary activities mentioned in Ayuveda and contemporary science. Study also implies that there is extensive scope of scientific research in this field in order to justify the textual references and to generate the data

A REVIEW ON STHAULYA (OBESITY) AND ITS MANAGEMENT THROUGH AYURVEDA

Although man has developed sophisticated machines, medical equipment and potent medicines, in spite of all these upgrade, he is lacking proper health. In a quest to achieve more of worldly pleasures and luxury, people are adopting a faulty lifestyle and the disease-causing risk factors and stress in their life are on increase mode. This is the fundamental reason being surge of lifestyle disorders these days. Where obesity is main and root cause of many other lifestyle disorder. A detail description of obesity by name of Sthaulya found in Ayurvedic literature but the material is Scatter and different opinion by different Acharya were there. Ayurveda manage the disorder in a holistic approach with Diet, Lifestyle, medication and Sodhanakarma. So, in present study detail review of Sthaulya with the aim to enlighten the different treatment approaches for the management of Sthaulya (Obesity)

A REVIEW ON SANDHIVATA (OSTEOARTHRITIS) AND ITS MANAGEMENT THROUGH AYURVEDA

In the present era Sandhivata is the most common disease affecting a large population. Sandhivata term is derived from words as “Sandhi” and “Vata”. When Vata lodges in Sandhi (joints), it is characterized by pain, swelling, and restriction of joint movement. The clinical presentation of Sandhivata closely mimics with the disorder called Osteoarthritis which is the second most common rheumatologic problem. Sandhivata is the disease mentioned in Ayurveda and is a type of Vatavyadhi which most commonly occurs in Vridhavastha due to Dhatukshaya. Sandhivata is one of the challenging diseases for the clinicians due to its chronicity, incurability, complications etc. The allopathic treatment provides the symptomatic relief but the underlined pathology remains untreated due to absence of effective therapy and also giving rise to many side effects, toxic effects and adverse reactions. The treatment procedure described in Ayurveda focuses not only on drugs but also lifestyle modification thus having a holistic approach in its management. So, the present study deals with systemic review of Sandhivata and the aim of this work is to review and highlight the effectiveness of different Ayurvedic interventions in patients with osteoarthritis (OA)

CASE REPORT: Papillary Adenoma of Kidney- An Incidental Autopsy Finding: Report of Two Cases

Background: Renal papillary adenoma is usually an incidental finding at autopsy with an incidence of 7% to 23%. The frequency of small papillary tumours of kidney increases with age to approximately 40% of the population over the age of 65. These tumours occur morefrequently in scarred kidneys, acquired renal cystic disease and in children with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Case history: In this report we describe renal papillary adenoma incidentally detected during autopsies of two elderly males. Gross examination of kidneyshowed two tiny subcapsular yellowish nodules in one case and single nodule with similar morphology in the other. Microscopic examination in both the cases showed a well circumscribed tumour composed of densely packed tubules and papillae lined by small cuboidal to columnar cells with rounded uniform nuclei. However there was no nuclear atypia, mitosis or necrosis

The lipoprotein lipase gene in combined hyperlipidemia: evidence of a protective allele depletion

BACKGROUND: Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL), a key enzyme in lipid metabolism, catalyzes the hydrolysis of triglycerides (TG) from TG-rich lipoproteins, and serves a bridging function that enhances the cellular uptake of lipoproteins. Abnormalities in LPL function are associated with pathophysiological conditions, including familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCH). Whereas two LPL susceptibility alleles were found to co-segregate in a few FCH kindred, a role for common, protective alleles remains unexplored. The LPL Ser447Stop (S447X) allele is associated with anti-atherogenic lipid profiles and a modest reduction in risk for coronary disease. We hypothesize that significant depletion of the 447X allele exists in combined hyperlipidemia cases versus controls. A case-control design was employed. The polymorphism was assessed by restriction assay in 212 cases and 161 controls. Genotypic, allelic, and phenotypic associations were examined. RESULTS: We found evidence of significant allelic (447X(control): 0.130 vs. 447X(case): 0.031, χ(2 )= 29.085; 1df; p < 0.001) and genotypic association (SS: 0.745 vs. 0.939, and SX+XX: 0.255 vs. 0.061) in controls and cases, respectively (χ(2 )= 26.09; 1df; p < 0.001). In cases, depletion of the 447X allele is associated with a significant elevation in very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C, p = 0.045). Consonant with previous studies of this polymorphism, regression models predict that carriers of the 447X allele displayed significantly lower TG, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and TG/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest a role for the S447X polymorphism in combined hyperlipidemia and demonstrate the importance of evaluating both susceptibility and protective genetic risk factors

Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022–2050: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Future trends in disease burden and drivers of health are of great interest to policy makers and the public at large. This information can be used for policy and long-term health investment, planning, and prioritisation. We have expanded and improved upon previous forecasts produced as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) and provide a reference forecast (the most likely future), and alternative scenarios assessing disease burden trajectories if selected sets of risk factors were eliminated from current levels by 2050. Methods: Using forecasts of major drivers of health such as the Socio-demographic Index (SDI; a composite measure of lag-distributed income per capita, mean years of education, and total fertility under 25 years of age) and the full set of risk factor exposures captured by GBD, we provide cause-specific forecasts of mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) by age and sex from 2022 to 2050 for 204 countries and territories, 21 GBD regions, seven super-regions, and the world. All analyses were done at the cause-specific level so that only risk factors deemed causal by the GBD comparative risk assessment influenced future trajectories of mortality for each disease. Cause-specific mortality was modelled using mixed-effects models with SDI and time as the main covariates, and the combined impact of causal risk factors as an offset in the model. At the all-cause mortality level, we captured unexplained variation by modelling residuals with an autoregressive integrated moving average model with drift attenuation. These all-cause forecasts constrained the cause-specific forecasts at successively deeper levels of the GBD cause hierarchy using cascading mortality models, thus ensuring a robust estimate of cause-specific mortality. For non-fatal measures (eg, low back pain), incidence and prevalence were forecasted from mixed-effects models with SDI as the main covariate, and YLDs were computed from the resulting prevalence forecasts and average disability weights from GBD. Alternative future scenarios were constructed by replacing appropriate reference trajectories for risk factors with hypothetical trajectories of gradual elimination of risk factor exposure from current levels to 2050. The scenarios were constructed from various sets of risk factors: environmental risks (Safer Environment scenario), risks associated with communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases (CMNNs; Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination scenario), risks associated with major non-communicable diseases (NCDs; Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario), and the combined effects of these three scenarios. Using the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways climate scenarios SSP2-4.5 as reference and SSP1-1.9 as an optimistic alternative in the Safer Environment scenario, we accounted for climate change impact on health by using the most recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change temperature forecasts and published trajectories of ambient air pollution for the same two scenarios. Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy were computed using standard methods. The forecasting framework includes computing the age-sex-specific future population for each location and separately for each scenario. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for each individual future estimate were derived from the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of distributions generated from propagating 500 draws through the multistage computational pipeline. Findings: In the reference scenario forecast, global and super-regional life expectancy increased from 2022 to 2050, but improvement was at a slower pace than in the three decades preceding the COVID-19 pandemic (beginning in 2020). Gains in future life expectancy were forecasted to be greatest in super-regions with comparatively low life expectancies (such as sub-Saharan Africa) compared with super-regions with higher life expectancies (such as the high-income super-region), leading to a trend towards convergence in life expectancy across locations between now and 2050. At the super-region level, forecasted healthy life expectancy patterns were similar to those of life expectancies. Forecasts for the reference scenario found that health will improve in the coming decades, with all-cause age-standardised DALY rates decreasing in every GBD super-region. The total DALY burden measured in counts, however, will increase in every super-region, largely a function of population ageing and growth. We also forecasted that both DALY counts and age-standardised DALY rates will continue to shift from CMNNs to NCDs, with the most pronounced shifts occurring in sub-Saharan Africa (60·1% [95% UI 56·8–63·1] of DALYs were from CMNNs in 2022 compared with 35·8% [31·0–45·0] in 2050) and south Asia (31·7% [29·2–34·1] to 15·5% [13·7–17·5]). This shift is reflected in the leading global causes of DALYs, with the top four causes in 2050 being ischaemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, compared with 2022, with ischaemic heart disease, neonatal disorders, stroke, and lower respiratory infections at the top. The global proportion of DALYs due to YLDs likewise increased from 33·8% (27·4–40·3) to 41·1% (33·9–48·1) from 2022 to 2050, demonstrating an important shift in overall disease burden towards morbidity and away from premature death. The largest shift of this kind was forecasted for sub-Saharan Africa, from 20·1% (15·6–25·3) of DALYs due to YLDs in 2022 to 35·6% (26·5–43·0) in 2050. In the assessment of alternative future scenarios, the combined effects of the scenarios (Safer Environment, Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination, and Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenarios) demonstrated an important decrease in the global burden of DALYs in 2050 of 15·4% (13·5–17·5) compared with the reference scenario, with decreases across super-regions ranging from 10·4% (9·7–11·3) in the high-income super-region to 23·9% (20·7–27·3) in north Africa and the Middle East. The Safer Environment scenario had its largest decrease in sub-Saharan Africa (5·2% [3·5–6·8]), the Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario in north Africa and the Middle East (23·2% [20·2–26·5]), and the Improved Nutrition and Vaccination scenario in sub-Saharan Africa (2·0% [–0·6 to 3·6]). Interpretation: Globally, life expectancy and age-standardised disease burden were forecasted to improve between 2022 and 2050, with the majority of the burden continuing to shift from CMNNs to NCDs. That said, continued progress on reducing the CMNN disease burden will be dependent on maintaining investment in and policy emphasis on CMNN disease prevention and treatment. Mostly due to growth and ageing of populations, the number of deaths and DALYs due to all causes combined will generally increase. By constructing alternative future scenarios wherein certain risk exposures are eliminated by 2050, we have shown that opportunities exist to substantially improve health outcomes in the future through concerted efforts to prevent exposure to well established risk factors and to expand access to key health interventions