A Longitudinal Study of Factors that Affect User Interactions with Social Media and Email Spam

Given the rapid growth of social media and the increasing prevalence of spam, it is crucial to understand users’ interactions with unsolicited content to develop effective countermeasures against spam. This thesis focuses on exploring the factors that influence users’ decisions to interact with spam on social media and email. It builds upon prior work, which serves as a foundation for further research and conducting a longitudinal analysis. Our results are based on the analysis of 221 responses collected through an online survey. The survey not only gathered demographic information such as age, gender, and race but also collected data on education, spam training, interaction with spam, and experiences of being a victim of spam. With about 87% of respondents stating they sometimes, often, or always encounter spam on social media, only 23% interact with it sometimes, often, or always before knowing it was spam, and 10% sometimes, often, or always interact with social media spam after knowing it was spam. Of the 75% of the respondents who stated that they sometimes, often, or always encounter email spam, approximately 13% of the respondents stated that they sometimes, often, or always interact with email spam before knowing it is spam, and 6%s stated that they sometimes, often, or always interact with email spam after knowing it is spam. Although only 38% of the users stated that they may have been victims of social media spam and 21% stated that they may have been victims of email spam. Among the factors analyzed, only age had an effect on reporting email spam, but not social media spam. A STEM education was found to reduce the likelihood of being a victim of both social media and email spam, as well as reduce the likelihood of interacting with both email and social media spam, but only before users knew they were interacting with spam. Interestingly, formal spam training did not show any statistical significance in determining how users interact with, report, or become victims of social media spam, although there was an effect when observing the identification of email spam. To quantify the effect of different factors on individuals falling victim to spam on social media and email, a logistic regression analysis was performed. The research findings suggest that individuals with a higher attained degree and a STEM background are the least likely to be victims of spam

In Vitro Photodynamic Therapy with Chlorin e6 Leads to Apoptosis of Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Percutaneous coronary intervention has become the most common and widely implemented method of heart revascularization. However, the development of restenosis remains the major limitation of this method. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) recently emerged as a new and promising method for the prevention of arterial restenosis. Here the efficacy of chlorin e6 in PDT was investigated in vitro using human vascular smooth muscle cells (TG/HA-VSMCs) as one of the cell types crucial in the development of restenosis. PDT-induced cell death was studied on many levels, including annexin V staining, measurement of the generation reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caspase-3 activity, and assessment of changes in mitochondrial membrane potential and fragmentation of DNA. Photosensitization of TG/HA-VSMCs with a 170 μM of chlorin e6 and subsequent illumination with the light of a 672-nm diode laser (2 J/cm2) resulted in the generation of ROS, a decrease in cell membrane polarization, caspase-3 activation, as well as DNA fragmentation. Interestingly, the latter two apoptotic events could not be observed in photosensitized and illuminated NIH3T3 fibroblasts, suggesting different outcomes of the model of PDT in various types of cells. The results obtained with human VSMCs show that chlorin e6 may be useful in the PDT of aerial restenosis, but its efficacy still needs to be established in an animal model

Differential expression of HSPA1 and HSPA2 proteins in human tissues; tissue microarray-based immunohistochemical study

In the present study we determined the expression pattern of HSPA1 and HSPA2 proteins in various normal human tissues by tissue-microarray based immunohistochemical analysis. Both proteins belong to the HSPA (HSP70) family of heat shock proteins. The HSPA2 is encoded by the gene originally defined as testis-specific, while HSPA1 is encoded by the stress-inducible genes (HSPA1A and HSPA1B). Our study revealed that both proteins are expressed only in some tissues from the 24 ones examined. HSPA2 was detected in adrenal gland, bronchus, cerebellum, cerebrum, colon, esophagus, kidney, skin, small intestine, stomach and testis, but not in adipose tissue, bladder, breast, cardiac muscle, diaphragm, liver, lung, lymph node, pancreas, prostate, skeletal muscle, spleen, thyroid. Expression of HSPA1 was detected in adrenal gland, bladder, breast, bronchus, cardiac muscle, esophagus, kidney, prostate, skin, but not in other tissues examined. Moreover, HSPA2 and HSPA1 proteins were found to be expressed in a cell-type-specific manner. The most pronounced cell-type expression pattern was found for HSPA2 protein. In the case of stratified squamous epithelia of the skin and esophagus, as well as in ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining respiratory tract, the HSPA2 positive cells were located in the basal layer. In the colon, small intestine and bronchus epithelia HSPA2 was detected in goblet cells. In adrenal gland cortex HSPA2 expression was limited to cells of zona reticularis. The presented results clearly show that certain human tissues constitutively express varying levels of HSPA1 and HSPA2 proteins in a highly differentiated way. Thus, our study can help designing experimental models suitable for cell- and tissue-type-specific functional differences between HSPA2 and HSPA1 proteins in human tissues

Cardiopoietic cell therapy for advanced ischemic heart failure: results at 39 weeks of the prospective, randomized, double blind, sham-controlled CHART-1 clinical trial

Cardiopoietic cells, produced through cardiogenic conditioning of patients' mesenchymal stem cells, have shown preliminary efficacy. The Congestive Heart Failure Cardiopoietic Regenerative Therapy (CHART-1) trial aimed to validate cardiopoiesis-based biotherapy in a larger heart failure cohort

Management of bleeding in patients hospitalized in the intensive cardiac care unit: expert opinion of the Association of Intensive Cardiac Care and Section of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy of the Polish Cardiac Society in cooperation with specialists in other fields of medicine

ABSTRACT Nowadays, the intensive cardiac care unit (ICCU) provides care for patients with acute coronary syndrome, acute and exacerbated chronic heart failure, cardiogenic shock, sudden cardiac arrest, electrical storm, as well as with indications for urgent cardiac surgical treatment. Most of these patients require the use of 1, 2, or frequently even 3 drugs that act on the blood coagulation pathway. While antithrombotic drugs prevent thromboembolic events, they are associated with a higher risk of bleeding. In this population of patients, bleeding may often have a worse impact on prognosis than the primary disease. In this expert opinion of the Association of Intensive Cardiac Care, we presented practical guidelines on the management of bleeding in patients hospitalized at the ICCU, including bleeding risk reduction and treatment recommendations. Because of multiple comorbidities and diverse organs that may be the source of bleeding, we provided also recommendations from specialists in other fields of medicine. We hope that this document will facilitate the management of one of the most challenging populations at the ICCU

Postępowanie w krwawieniach u pacjentów hospitalizowanych na oddziale intensywnej terapii kardiologicznej

Współczesny Oddział Intensywnej Terapii Kardiologicznej (OITK) to miejsce, gdzie leczeni są pacjenci z ostrymi zespołami wieńcowymi, z ostrą i zaostrzoną przewlekłą niewydolnością serca, wstrząsem kardiogennym, po nagłym zatrzymaniu krążenia, z burzą elektryczną, a także z pilnymi wskazaniami do leczenia kardiochirurgicznego. Większość tych chorych wymaga stosowania jednego, dwóch, a nierzadko trzech leków wpływających na układ krzepnięcia. Leki przeciwzakrzepowe, zabezpieczając pacjentów przed zdarzeniami zakrzepowo‑zatorowymi, zwiększają jednocześnie ryzyko krwawień. Krwawienia w tej grupie pacjentów mogą mieć niejednokrotnie gorszy wpływ na rokowanie niż choroba podstawowa. Niniejsza opinia ekspertów Asocjacji Intensywnej Terapii Kardiologicznej ma za zadanie przedstawić praktyczne wskazówki postępowania z pacjentami na OITK w celu zmniejszenia ryzyka krwawień i sposobu ich leczenia. Ze względu na liczne choroby współistniejące w tej grupie chorych, jak również różne organy, w których obrębie może dochodzić do krwawień, w niniejszym dokumencie opieramy się też na zaleceniach przygotowanych przez specjalistów innych dziedzin medycyny. Mamy nadzieję, że niniejszy dokument okaże się przydatny w postępowaniu z tą jedną z najtrudniejszych grup pacjentów na OITK.Współczesny Oddział Intensywnej Terapii Kardiologicznej (OITK) to miejsce, gdzie leczeni są pacjenci z ostrymi zespołami wieńcowymi, z ostrą i zaostrzoną przewlekłą niewydolnością serca, wstrząsem kardiogennym, po nagłym zatrzymaniu krążenia, z burzą elektryczną, a także z pilnymi wskazaniami do leczenia kardiochirurgicznego. Większość tych chorych wymaga stosowania jednego, dwóch, a nierzadko trzech leków wpływających na układ krzepnięcia. Leki przeciwzakrzepowe, zabezpieczając pacjentów przed zdarzeniami zakrzepowo‑zatorowymi, zwiększają jednocześnie ryzyko krwawień. Krwawienia w tej grupie pacjentów mogą mieć niejednokrotnie gorszy wpływ na rokowanie niż choroba podstawowa. Niniejsza opinia ekspertów Asocjacji Intensywnej Terapii Kardiologicznej ma za zadanie przedstawić praktyczne wskazówki postępowania z pacjentami na OITK w celu zmniejszenia ryzyka krwawień i sposobu ich leczenia. Ze względu na liczne choroby współistniejące w tej grupie chorych, jak również różne organy, w których obrębie może dochodzić do krwawień, w niniejszym dokumencie opieramy się też na zaleceniach przygotowanych przez specjalistów innych dziedzin medycyny. Mamy nadzieję, że niniejszy dokument okaże się przydatny w postępowaniu z tą jedną z najtrudniejszych grup pacjentów na OITK