L’élaboration d’un langage musical basé sur la musique traditionnelle québécoise et influencé par les musiques savantes

La version intégrale de ce mémoire est disponible uniquement pour consultation individuelle à la Bibliothèque de musique de l’Université de Montréal (http://www.bib.umontreal.ca/MU).Le présent travail explique et approfondit la démarche artistique d’un compositeur travaillant à partir de la musique traditionnelle québécoise et cherchant à donner un élan à son travail en s’inspirant des musiques savantes. Il est divisé en trois chapitres dans lesquels on retrouve des analyses détaillées de pièces issues du répertoire traditionnel québécois et des répertoires classique et jazz. Le premier chapitre traite d’œuvres de Joseph Allard, Louis « Pitou » Boudreault, Jos Bouchard et Aimé Gagnon en cherchant à préciser les éléments stylistiques qui caractérisent le style d’ici. Le deuxième chapitre analyse les pièces Stolen Moments d’Oliver Nelson et Waltz for Debby de Bill Evans et explore un jazz en équilibre entre conservatisme et innovation. Le troisième chapitre explore deux approches originales à la modalité dans des musiques riches en variations par l’analyse de Pagodes de Claude Debussy et de Ostinato de Béla Bartók. Le quatrième chapitre expose ma démarche.This work explains and elaborates the artistic approach of a composer that works primarily with traditional Quebec music and wishes to give momentum to his work by inspiring himself with the jazz and classical idiom. It is divided in three chapters in which pieces of the traditional repertoire and of the classical and jazz repertoires are analyzed in detail. The first chapter describes works of Joseph Allard, Louis « Pitou » Boudreault, Jos Bouchard, and Aimé Gagnon and aims at defining some stylistic elements specific to Quebec's traditional style. The second chapter addresses the pieces Stolen Moments by Oliver Nelson and Waltz for Debby by Bill Evans and explores a jazz in balance between conservatism and innovation. The third chapter deals with original approaches to modality through the analysis of two musical pieces rich in variations: Pagodes by Claude Debussy and Ostinato by Béla Bartók. The fourth chapter presents my own creative process

Le tempérament de l’enfant, les différences individuelles et les forces environnementales

L'auteur commente certaines découvertes récentes sur le tempérament qui mettent en évidence les différences de chaque enfant dès les premiers mois de vie. Il souligne l'importance pour les parents d'ajuster leurs attitudes à chacun de leurs enfants. Il discute aussi de la relation possible du tempérament avec la «vulnérabilité» de certains enfants. Pour plusieurs raisons, l'évolution des méthodes éducatives au Québec depuis 15 ans semble démontrer de la part des parents un relâchement des normes de discipline et d'exigences, en contrepartie cependant d'un accroissement bénéfique de la communication affective avec l'enfant. L'auteur commente enfin Fhypothèse selon laquelle cette laxité s'est installée aux dépens de la fraction d'enfants les plus vulnérables de notre société.The author comments on recent findings in relation to infant temperament, which have demonstrated differences in each child from the first months of life. He stresses the importance for parents to adjust their attitudes to each of their children. The possible association of temperament with the "vulnerability" of certain children is discussed. For several reasons, the evolution of educational methods in Quebec over the last 15 years seems to show a relaxation of discipline and expectation norms on the part of parents, as a counterpart to the beneficial increase in affective communication with the child. The author discusses the hypothesis that this laxness has established itself at the expense of the most vulnerable function of children in our society

Verbal and Visual Memory Impairments Among Young Offspring and Healthy Adult Relatives of Patients With Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder: Selective Generational Patterns Indicate Different Developmental Trajectories

Objective: Memory deficits have been shown in patients affected by schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar (BP)/mood disorder. We recently reported that young high-risk offspring of an affected parent were impaired in both verbal episodic memory (VEM) and visual episodic memory (VisEM). Understanding better the trajectory of memory impairments from childhood to adult clinical status in risk populations is crucial for early detection and prevention. In multigenerational families densely affected by SZ or BP, our aim was to compare the memory impairments observed in young nonaffected offspring with memory functioning in nonaffected adult relatives and patients. Methods: For 20 years, we followed up numerous kindreds in the Eastern Québec population. After having characterized the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders phenotypes, we assessed cognition (N = 381) in 3 subsamples in these kindreds and in controls: 60 young offspring of a parent affected by SZ or BP, and in the adult generations, 92 nonaffected adult relatives and 40 patients affected by SZ or BP. VEM was assessed with the California Verbal Learning Test and VisEM with the Rey figures. Results: The VEM deficits observed in the offspring were also found in adult relatives and patients. In contrast, the VisEM impairments observed in the young offspring were present only in patients, not in the adult relatives. Conclusion: Implications for prevention and genetic mechanisms can be drawn from the observation that VEM and VisEM would show distinct generational trajectories and that the trajectory associated with VisEM may offer a better potential than VEM to predict future risk of developing the disease

Influence des processus motivationnels sur la mémoire de travail chez les enfants TDA/H avec ou sans anxiété comorbide

Le trouble déficitaire de l'attention/hyperactivité (TDA/H) représente la problématique neurodéveloppementale la plus diagnostiquée pendant l'enfance et environ 25% à 30% des enfants TDA/H souffriraient aussi d'un trouble anxieux. Il a été démontré que les renforcements ont un impact positif sur la cognition des enfants TDA/H, mais aucune étude ne s'est intéressée à l'impact des renforcements sur la mémoire de travail (MdeT), encore moins en évaluant l'effet de ces derniers sur l'administrateur central (AC), une sous-composante de la MdeT. De plus, aucune étude n'a investigué si cet aspect a un impact différent pour les TDA/H avec anxiété (TDA/H + ANX) comparativement aux TDA/H seul. Le mémoire doctoral vise l'étude de l'effet des renforcements (récompense et punition) sur la performance de l'AC de la MdeT des enfants TDA/H ainsi que le lien entre l'anxiété et la réponse aux renforcements.Trente enfants TDA/H âgés de 7 à 13 ans ont participé à l'étude. Toutefois, l'échantillon analysé est constitué des 22 participants (M= 10; 2, ET - 1; 8) ne présentant pas d'effet plafond à la tâche sans renforcement afin de pouvoir observer une amélioration sur la performance. La MdeT a été évaluée à l'aide de l'Alpha-Span, une tâche expérimentale élaborée par Belleville, Rouleau et Caza (1998). Les symptômes d'anxiété ont été évalués par le Conners ' Parent Rating Scale-Revised questionnaire, Long version (CPRS-R : L; Conners, 1997), Y Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; Achenbach, 1991a) ainsi que par le Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS; Reynolds & Richmond, 1978). La récompense et la punition améliorent et normalisent la performance des patients à la tâche d'AC. Aussi, plus le niveau d'anxiété des participants est élevé, plus leur performance est améliorée par la punition. Ces résultats supportent l'hypothèse d'un déficit motivationnel chez les enfants TDA/H et d'un lien entre l'anxiété et la réponse à la punition

Principal Components of Heritability for High Dimension Quantitative Traits and General Pedigrees

For many complex disorders, genetically relevant disease definition is still unclear. For this reason, researchers tend to collect large numbers of items related directly or indirectly to the disease diagnostic. Since the measured traits may not be all influenced by genetic factors, researchers are faced with the problem of choosing which traits or combinations of traits to consider in linkage analysis. To combine items, one can subject the data to a principal component analysis. However, when family date are collected, principal component analysis does not take family structure into account. In order to deal with these issues, Ott & Rabinowitz (1999) introduced the principal components of heritability (PCH), which capture the familial information across traits by calculating linear combinations of traits that maximize heritability. The calculation of the PCHs is based on the estimation of the genetic and the environmental components of variance. In the genetic context, the standard estimators of the variance components are Lange's maximum\ud likelihood estimators, which require complex numerical calculations. The objectives of this paper are the following: i) to review some standard strategies available in the literature to estimate variance components for unbalanced data in mixed models; ii) to propose an ANOVA method for a genetic random effect model to estimate the variance components, which can be applied to general pedigrees and high dimensional family data within the PCH framework; iii) to elucidate the connection between PCH analysis and Linear Discriminant Analysis. We use computer simulations to show that the proposed method has similar asymptotic properties as Lange's method when the number of traits is small, and we study the efficiency of our method when the number of traits is large. A data analysis involving schizophrenia and bipolar quantitative traits is finally presented to illustrate the PCH methodology

Paucity of intervention research in childhood maltreatment contrasts with the long known relation with mental health disorders: is trauma research translational enough?

The damaging consequences of child abuse and neglect for child development and psychiatric disorders have been known for decades. However, there would be a relative paucity of translational research on childhood maltreatment in comparison to the numerous correlational studies in the field. To assess the extent to which previous research on childhood maltreatment addressed intervention, we reviewed all articles on child abuse and neglect published in 2016 and evaluated the main objective of each study. References were identified through PsycINFO (ƙ = 2139) and Medline (ƙ = 2955). Of the 3792 studies retained after removal of overlapping references, 1157 met inclusion criteria. The main objective of each study was coded according to one of the following categories: Consequences, Mechanisms, Intervention, Prevention and Others. The review showed that half of the studies (ƙ = 572; 50%) described the damaging consequences of child abuse and neglect. A mere 19% of the studies (ƙ = 225) aimed to identify mediators or moderators of the association between childhood maltreatment and outcome. Only 6% (ƙ = 66) of studies reported on treatments and 2% (ƙ = 29) on preventive interventions. The remaining articles (23%, ƙ = 265) focused on other topics, such as the assessment of childhood trauma (ƙ = 33), epidemiology (ƙ = 118) and legal or organizational issues (ƙ = 114). Our results revealed an unquestionable paucity of research published on interventions and a relatively scarce number of mechanistic studies that nonetheless may provide meaningful practical orientations for clinical practice and future research

Uptrend in distress and psychiatric symptomatology in pregnant women during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic

Introduction: Prenatal maternal distress has a negative impact on the course of pregnancy, fetal development, offspring development, and later psychopathologies. The study aimed to determine the extent to which the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may aggravate the prenatal distress and psychiatric symptomatology of pregnant women. Material and methods: Two cohorts of pregnant volunteer women were evaluated, one that was recruited before the COVID-19 pandemic (n = 496) through advertisements in prenatal clinics in Quebec, Canada, from April 2018 to March 2020; the other (n = 1258) was recruited online during the pandemic from 2 April to 13 April 2020. Prenatal distress and psychiatric symptomatology were measured with the Kessler Distress Scale (K10), Post-traumatic Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES-II), and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Results: The 1754 pregnant women (Mage = 29.27, SD = 4.23) were between 4 and 41 gestational weeks (M = 24.80, SD = 9.42), were generally educated (91.3% had post-high-school training), and financially well-resourced (85.3% were above the low-income cut-off). A multivariate analysis of covariance controlling for age, gestational age, household income, education, and lifetime psychiatric disorders showed a large effect size (ES) in the difference between the two cohorts on psychiatric symptoms (Wilks’ λ = 0.68, F6,1400 = 108.50, P <.001, partial η2 = 0.32). According to post-hoc analyses of covariance, the COVID-19 women reported higher levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms (ES = 0.57), dissociative symptoms (ES = 0.22 and ES = 0.25), symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (ES = 0.19), and negative affectivity (ES = 0.96), and less positive affectivity (ES = 0.95) than the pre-COVID-19 cohort. Women from the COVID-19 cohort were more likely than pre-COVID-19 women to present clinically significant levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms (OR = 1.94, χ2[1] = 10.05, P =.002). Multiple regression analyses indicated that pregnant women in the COVID-19 cohort having a previous psychiatric diagnosis or low income would be more prone to elevated distress and psychiatric symptoms. Conclusions: Pregnant women assessed during the COVID-19 pandemic reported more distress and psychiatric symptoms than pregnant women assessed before the pandemic, mainly in the form of depression and anxiety symptoms. Given the harmful consequences of prenatal distress on mothers and offspring, the presently observed upsurge of symptoms in pregnant women calls for special means of clinical surveillance. © 2020 Nordic Federation of Societies of Obstetrics and Gynecolog

Clinical diagnoses in young offspring from eastern Québec multigenerational families densely affected by schizophrenia or bipolar disorder

Maziade M, Gingras N, Rouleau N, Poulin S, Jomphe V, Paradis M-E, Mérette C, Roy M-A. Clinical diagnoses in young offspring from eastern Québec multigenerational families densely affected by schizophrenia or bipolar disorder

Une intervention de groupe brève pour favoriser le bien-être des femmes enceintes pendant la pandémie de COVID-19 et soutenir la résilience des familles

Contexte: La pandémie de COVID-19 a été associée à une augmentation de la détresse psychologique chez les femmes enceintes. Le présent article vise à évaluer l’acceptabilité du programme STEP-COVID (Soutenir la Transition et l’Engagement dans la Parentalité dans le contexte de la pandémie de COVID-19), une intervention prénatale de groupe en ligne, en mode synchrone, visant à soutenir le bien-être, la mentalisation et la résilience. Méthode: Vingt et une femmes enceintes québécoises ont participé au programme et ont complété des mesures des symptômes psychologiques et de la mentalisation avant et après l’intervention ainsi qu’une échelle évaluant leur perception de changements sur des domaines associés à la résilience. Après chaque rencontre, elles ont rempli un questionnaire évaluant leur appréciation du programme. Résultats: Les 18 participantes (86 %) ayant complété le programme ont rapporté de hauts taux de satisfaction après chacune des rencontres et au terme de l’intervention. Une diminution des symptômes anxio-dépressifs et des symptômes de stress post-traumatiques et une amélioration des fonctions réflexives sont observées entre le début et la fin du programme. Les participantes ont également rapporté des changements positifs sur des sphères de fonctionnement associées à la résilience. Conclusion: Les résultats soutiennent l’acceptabilité du programme STEP-COVID et suggèrent que l’offre d’une intervention de groupe brève en ligne est appréciée par les participantes, semble favoriser une diminution de la détresse psychologique et une amélioration de la mentalisation et pourrait contribuer à la résilience dans le contexte de la pandémie de COVID-19