Analysis of processing electronic communication data on the basis on consent in the light of Council's e-privacy regulation proposal

The article reviews the changes proposed by the European Commission in the field of e-privacy, i.e. the proposal of regulation on the processing of personal data and privacy in the electronic communications sector, which is expected to replace the existing legislation, with particular regard to the conditions for consent, as the basis for the processing of electronic communications data. The article analyzes among other things: the matter of the relationship between the already existing legal acts and the draft e-privacy regulation regarding the consent, contemplates the potential scope of application of the new regulation and the entities which shall be the subject to protection of their data of electronic communication, resulting from the project. The article’s analysis concerns the issue of consent, its scope, entities obliged to receive it, as well as the doubts arising from the provisions on obtaining consent, and also the provisions of the proposal on information obligations prior to obtaining consent. In addition, attention has also been drawn to the possibility for service providers to use terminal services and the restrictions imposed therein, the problem of default settings for obtaining the consent, as well as for modified rules for transmission for direct marketing purposes, or concerning creating publicly available directories

Normalized measures and patient characteristics to identify undernutrition in infants and young children treated for cancer

Background: Various measures and definitions for undernutrition are used in pediatrics. Younger children treated for cancer are at high risk, but lack well-defined risk-based screening and intervention. Methods: A retrospective study collected weight longitudinally for patients less than three years-old over two years after initiating cancer treatment. We included those diagnosed 2007-2015 at a large pediatric cancer center. Exclusion criteria included treatment starting outside our system, secondary or relapsed malignancy, or incomplete information. A decrease ≥1 in weight-for-age or weight-for-height z-score signified clinically significant weight loss. Univariate and multivariate models assessed hazards for developing first episode of clinically significant weight loss. Results: Of 372 patients, only 24.6% of patients lost 10% of weight, but 58.6% lost weight-for-age z-score ≥1 and 64.8% lost ≥1 weight-for-height z-score within two years of treatment initiation. Patients who lost weight were younger (median age 15 vs. 24 months, p < 0.001). Compared to patients diagnosed in the first year of life, those diagnosed 24-35 months were less likely to lose weight (HR 0.62, p < 0.001) and lost weight later (median time to weight loss 144 vs. 35 days). Higher treatment intensity increased weight loss risk (HR 2.30, p < 0.001) and decreased time to weight loss (35 vs. 154 days). No differences were found based on sex, diagnosis, enteral or parenteral nutrition, gastroenterology consults, or intensive care admissions. Conclusions: Using normalized z-scores is more sensitive for identifying weight loss. Younger children are more likely to lose weight with higher intensity cancer therapy. Patient and treatment specific information should be used in risk stratifying weight loss screening and nutritional interventions

Nash Equilibria in a Hotelling-Type Model with Non-Uniform Consumer Density

Although a sizeable literature on location games has developed since the introduction of the paradigmatic model by Hotelling (1929), relatively little work in this area has departed from the assumption of uniform consumer density. In this paper, we introduce a model that assumes a standard normal density in addition to an upper bound on the distance that consumers are willing to travel. We show in the two-firm case that certain \ud parameter values guarantee the existence of pure strategy Nash equilibria (PSNE) that\ud do not consist of both firms locating at zero. We then show in the three-firm case that\ud certain parameter values guarantee the existence of a PSNE, something which never obtalns in the basic Hotelling model

Essays in the Economics of Collective Bargaining and Labor Market Power

This dissertation consists of three empirical research studies that broadly pertain to the economics of collective bargaining, or the process by which employees act through labor unions to negotiate with employers over compensation, benefits, and other terms and conditions of employment; and of labor market power, which refers to the ability of economic actors to set wages and employment at levels different from those that would obtain under a theoretical ideal of perfect competition, wherein both workers and firms are atomized agents with no unilateral ability to influence a market equilibrium. The first chapter, entitled "The Effects of Union Membership on Inequality and Well-Being in Retirement," uses data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and an empirical design based on comparisons of older workers who switch into or out of union employment in the years before retirement with otherwise similar peers to study the effect of union membership on various outcomes in old age, including pension income and income from other sources, wealth, consumption, time use, mortality, morbidity, and inequality. Our notable findings include a pension income premium for workers who retire as union members of approximately 10-20%, similar to estimates of the union wage premium; evidence of larger premia for retirees at lower quantiles of the pension income distribution, which mirrors existing research on how unions exert a compressive effect on the distribution of wages for current workers; and a reduction in the annual mortality rate for union retirees of around 1.25%, comparable to estimates of the mortality differential between the lowest- and highest-income individuals in the same age category. We further attempt to distill the multidimensional effects of union membership in retirement into a single measure of impact on well-being using the concept of "consumption-equivalent welfare," and estimate that the subsequent lifetime welfare of those who retire from nonunion jobs is on the order of 50-60% that of those who retire from union jobs, depending on the precise assumptions and methodology employed. The second chapter, coauthored with Leonard Goff, is entitled "Monopsony in Minnesota: Rent-Sharing and Labor Supply Consequences of a Nursing Home Reimbursement Reform." Models of static labor market monopsony predict that rent-sharing, or pass-through from firm productivity or marginal revenue shocks into workers' wages, is one consequence of labor markets being less than perfectly competitive. In this study we consider a 2016 reform to the state of Minnesota's Medicaid reimbursement scheme for residents of nursing homes that introduced so-called value-based reimbursement, and make use of data on facilities' wages, employee separations, and revenue from various sources to simultaneously estimate both rent-sharing and firm-level labor supply elasticities. In our most-preferred two-stage least squares specifications we find rent-sharing elasticities on the order of 0.10-0.25, suggesting that pass-through is substantially greater than indicated by naive OLS estimates of the same, and we confirm these results through an alternative methodology based on "seemingly unrelated regressions." With the same approach we also obtain an estimate of the average labor supply elasticity facing nursing homes of around 5, corresponding to an optimal wage markdown below marginal revenue product of roughly 15%. Furthermore, subgroup analyses by occupation, union status, and local labor market concentration show little evidence of an effect of collective bargaining on rent-sharing but more convincing indications that rent-sharing is greater in occupations or commuting zones that are characterized by lower labor supply elasticity - a fact that we show can be rationalized with a model of monopsony in which firms have isoelastic production functions. The third and final chapter, coauthored with Brendan Moore and Suresh Naidu, is entitled "Right-to-Work and Union Decline in the United States: Evidence from a Novel Dataset on County-Level Union Membership." Labor union membership and union density in the United States have fallen substantially in recent decades, in particular in the private sector. The causal contribution of state-level "right-to-work" (RTW) laws, which prohibit collective bargaining agreements from requiring union membership as a condition of employment, has been heavily debated. However, research on the role of RTW in accounting for these trends has been stymied by a paucity of data on union membership at a fine geographic level. Using a LASSO selection model and data from several different administrative and survey-based sources, we construct a novel dataset on county-level membership and density and use it to reexamine the consequences of RTW. We show that RTW has a highly significant negative effect in this regard, and we establish that the impact of these laws is felt most strongly in those counties that are the most highly-unionized at the start of our sample period. On average we find that density is reduced by about an additional 0.4 percentage points for every one percentage point increase in its initial value in 1991. However, counties at or below the median initial density see little to no change, while density declines by about 7 percentage points following the passage of RTW for those in the uppermost decile. We also present evidence from an event-study analysis which shows that the effect of RTW grows over time, with the full impact only being felt about a decade after enactment. Taken both individually and collectively, these three essays serve to advance an understanding of the determinants and consequences of union membership and monopsony power. In addition to making original contributions to the fields of applied labor economics and labor studies, it is our hope that they also offer frameworks upon which future research in these areas can build

Legal protection measures, liability and sanctions : legal protection measures

W komentarzu omówiono instytucje prawne przysługujące osobom, których dane dotyczą oraz innym podmiotom, w związku z naruszeniami przepisów RODO oraz w związku z postępowaniami prowadzonymi przez organ nadzorczy - Prezesa Urzędu Ochrony Danych Osobowych oraz przed sądami administracyjnymi. Autorzy zagadnienia omawiają środki ochrony prawnej - skargę do organu, postępowanie na drodze sądowej, możliwe rozstrzygnięcia. Przedstawiają problematykę z uwzględnieniem aspektów toczących się postępowań, podmiotów będących stroną postępowania, ich uprawnień, a także rozstrzygnięć, jakie mogą zapaść w toku tych postępowań

MNK Proteins as Therapeutic Targets in Leukemia

Candice Mazewski,1,2 Leonidas C Platanias1– 3 1Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; 2Division of Hematology–Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; 3Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USACorrespondence: Candice Mazewski; Leonidas C Platanias, Email [email protected]; [email protected]: In leukemia, resistance to therapy is a major concern for survival. MAPK-interacting kinases (MNKs) have been identified as important activators of oncogenic-related signaling and may be mediators of resistance. Recent studies in leukemia models, especially acute myeloid leukemia (AML), have focused on targeting MNKs together with other inhibitors or treating chemotherapy-resistant cells with MNK inhibitors. The preclinical demonstrations of the efficacy of MNK inhibitors in these combination formats would suggest a promising potential for use in clinical trials. Optimizing MNK inhibitors and testing in leukemia models is actively being pursued and may have important implications for the future. These studies are furthering the understanding of the mechanisms of MNKs in cancer which could translate to clinical studies.Keywords: MNK, resistance, MAPK, eIF4E, AM

O livro didático de geografia do Rio Grande do Sul para as escolas republicanas (1898) - The textbook of Rio Grande do Sul's geography for the republican schools (1898)

O artigo investiga o processo de adoção do primeiro livro didático de Geografia do  RS  às  escolas elementares da  República, analisa  o conteúdo da obra e os métodos do  autor,  evidenciando como esse manual  escolar serviu de  suporte material  tanto  para a  memória oficial quanto  dos opositores ao governo. A investigação demonstra que o sistema argentino de ensino influenciou desde a reorganização da  instrução   pública  até  a  ausência  de   mapas  ilustrativos  no compêndio escolar de Henrique Martins (1898). Palavras-chave: livro didático; geografia; escolas republicanas.   THE TEXTBOOK OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL'S GEOGRAPHY  FOR THE REPUBLICAN  SCHOOLS  (1898) Abstract This article investigate the adoptation process to first school book of Rio  Grande  do  Sul's  Geography to  the  primary school grad  of Brazilian Republic and analyzes  it teaching lessons and the author method employed at  this school book, bringing evidences from how that geography's manual was used as material support to the official memory and enough for the govern opositories.  This historiography search is competent to prove the argentine teaching system influence since the  reorganization of public instruction  till the  no  utilizing illustrative maps in that didact book by Henrique Martins (1898). Keywords: textbook; geography; republican schools.   EL LIBRO DIDÁCTICO DE GEOGRAFÍA  DE RIO GRANDE DO SUL PARA ESCUELAS REPUBLICANAS (1898) Resumen El  articulo  investiga el proceso de la adopción  del  primero libro didáctico de la Geografía del Estado del lo Rio Grande do Sul a las escuelas  elementares  de  la   Republica  brasileña  e  analizando  el contenido de la obra y los textos empegados por su autor, evidencia como  eso manual  escolar servio  de suporte material tanto  para la memoria oficial cuanto a los opositores daquelle  gobierno estadual. La investigación demonstra que lo  sistema argentino de enseñanza influencio desde la  reorganización de la instrucción publica hasta la ausencia   de  mapas  ilustrativos  en  el  manual  escolar hecho   por Henrique Martins (1898). Palabras clave: libro didáctico; geografía; escuelas republicanas.  LE LIVRE DIDACTIQUE DE GÉOGRAPHIE DE RIO GRANDE DO SUL POUR LES ÉCOLES RÉPUBLICAINES (1898)RésuméL'article examine le procès d'adoption du premier livre didactique de Géographie de Rio Grande do Sul dans les écoles élémentaires de la République. On analyse le contenu de l'ouvrage et les méthodes de son auteur pour montrer comment ce manuel scolaire a servi de support matériel et pour la mémoire officielle et pour les opposants du gouvernement. L'investigation montre que le système argentin d'enseignement a influencé la réorganisation de l'instruction publiqueet explique même l'absence de cartes illustratives dans le manuel scolaire d'Henrique Martins (1898).Mots-clés: livre didactique; géographie; écoles républicaines

O livro didático de geografia do Rio Grande do Sul para as escolas republicanas (1898)

This article investigate the adoptation process to first school book of Rio Grande do Sul's Geography to the primary school grad of Brazilian Republic and analyzes it teaching lessons and the author method employed at this school book, bringing evidences from how that geography's manual was used as material support to the official memory and enough for the govern opositories. This historiography search is competent to prove the argentine teaching system influence since the reorganization of public instruction till the no utilizing illustrative maps in that didact book by Henrique Martins (1898).L'article examine le procès d'adoption du premier livre didactique de Géographie de Rio Grande do Sul dans les écoles élémentaires de la République. On analyse le contenu de l'ouvrage et les méthodes de son auteur pour montrer comment ce manuel scolaire a servi de support matériel et pour la mémoire officielle et pour les opposants du gouvernement. L'investigation montre que le système argentin d'enseignement a influencé la réorganisation de l'instruction publiqueet explique même l'absence de cartes illustratives dans le manuel scolaire d'Henrique Martins (1898).O artigo investiga o processo de adoção do primeiro livro didático de Geografia do  RS  às  escolas elementares da  República, analisa  o conteúdo da obra e os métodos do  autor,  evidenciando como esse manual  escolar serviu de  suporte material  tanto  para a  memória oficial quanto  dos opositores ao governo. A investigação demonstra que o sistema argentino de ensino influenciou desde a reorganização da  instrução   pública  até  a  ausência  de   mapas  ilustrativos  no compêndio escolar de Henrique Martins (1898).El articulo investiga el proceso de la adopción del primero libro didáctico de la Geografía del Estado del lo Rio Grande do Sul a las escuelas elementares de la Republica brasileña e analizando el contenido de la obra y los textos empegados por su autor, evidencia como eso manual escolar servio de suporte material tanto para la memoria oficial cuanto a los opositores daquelle gobierno estadual. La investigación demonstra que lo sistema argentino de enseñanza influencio desde la reorganización de la instrucción publica hasta la ausencia de mapas ilustrativos en el manual escolar hecho por Henrique Martins (1898