CONFRONTING SAME-SEX, STUDENT-TO-STUDENT SEXUAL HARASSMENT: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EDUCATORS AND POLICY MAKERS

Student-on-student sexual harassment has been the subject of significant scholarly commentary and numerous court battles. In light of the United States Supreme Court\u27s decision in Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education, which held that in certain cases students have a cause of action under Title IX against schools for peer sexual harassment, many schools have been advised to consider responses to and ways to prevent student-on-student sexual harassment. When considering corrective and preventative approaches to peer sexual harassment in the schools, educators and policy makers should strongly consider addressing same-sex harassment. Prior to its decision in Davis, a unanimous United States Supreme Court, in Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc., held that same-sex harassment in the workplace may be actionable under Title VII. Given the judiciary\u27s frequent reliance on Title VII standards in Title IX cases, at least when considering what type of conduct is actionable, Oncale, when read together with Davis, signals the opening of a new avenue for students seeking relief for same-sex peer harassment. This article hopes to offer some insight for educators and policy makers developing responses to same-sex peer harassment. First, it more fully explains the Supreme Court\u27s decisions in Davis and Oncale and their importance to educators. Second, it briefly summarizes recent scholarship concerning the effects of a homophobic school climate on students. Finally, it offers some basic guidance for practice and policy formation

Two New Tetraphyllidean Cestodes from \u3ci\u3ePotamotrygon circularis\u3c/i\u3e Garman (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) in the Itacnai River, Brazill

The new genus Rhinebothroides is proposed to include three species of Rhinebothriumlike cestodes parasitizing freshwater stingrays in South America. They differ from Rhinebothrium species by having squared rather than elongate bothridia, by possessing internal seminal vesicles, and by exhibiting terminal genitalia at the ovarian level. Rhinebothroides circularisi sp. n. in Potamotrygon circularis from the Itacuai River in northwestern Brazil differs from R. moralarai by having more testes and bothridial loculi and differs from R. scorzai by lacking vitelline follicles proximate to the genital pore, by having a straight rather than coiled vagina, and by possessing craspedote rather than acraspedote proglottids. Potamotrygon circularis from the Itacuai River also hosted Potamotrygonocestus amazonensis sp. n. which differs from the only other member of the genus, P. magdalenensis, by having bothridial hooks 58-78µm long rather than 43-55 µm long, by possessing a shallow genital atrium rather than lacking one, and by having follicular rather than compact vitellaria

Two New Species of \u3ci\u3eAcanthobothrium\u3c/i\u3e Van Beneden 1849 (Cestoidea: Tetraphyllidea) from Freshwater Stingrays in South America

Two new species of Acanthobothrium are reported from freshwater stingrays in northern South America. Acanthobothrium quinonesi sp. n. is described from Potamotrygon magdalenae Dumeril collected from the Magdalena River in northern Colombia and A. amazonensis sp. n. from P. circularis Garman collected in the Itacuai River of northwestern Brazil. Acanthobothrium quinonesi differs from A. amazonensis by having a smaller and anteriorly-curved cirrus sac, 43-60 rather than 50-72 testes, and bothridial hooks 100-142 μm long rather than 145-184 μm long. Characters used in the taxonomy of Acanthobothrium species are listed to show that the new species resemble each other and A. terezae, also from a South American freshwater stingray, more than they do any other members of the genus

Clinical and serological features of systemic sclerosis in a multicenter African American cohort: Analysis of the genome research in African American scleroderma patients clinical database.

Racial differences exist in the severity of systemic sclerosis (SSc). To enhance our knowledge about SSc in African Americans, we established a comprehensive clinical database from the largest multicenter cohort of African American SSc patients assembled to date (the Genome Research in African American Scleroderma Patients (GRASP) cohort).African American SSc patients were enrolled retrospectively and prospectively over a 30-year period (1987-2016), from 18 academic centers throughout the United States. The cross-sectional prevalence of sociodemographic, clinical, and serological features was evaluated. Factors associated with clinically significant manifestations of SSc were assessed using multivariate logistic regression analyses.The study population included a total of 1009 African American SSc patients, comprised of 84% women. In total, 945 (94%) patients met the 2013 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism (ACR/EULAR) classification criteria for SSc, with the remaining 64 (6%) meeting the 1980 ACR or CREST (calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, telangiectasia) criteria. While 43% were actively employed, 33% required disability support. The majority (57%) had the more severe diffuse subtype and a young age at symptom onset (39.1 ± 13.7 years), in marked contrast to that reported in cohorts of predominantly European ancestry. Also, 1 in 10 patients had a severe Medsger cardiac score of 4. Pulmonary fibrosis evident on computed tomography (CT) chest was present in 43% of patients and was significantly associated with anti-topoisomerase I positivity. 38% of patients with CT evidence of pulmonary fibrosis had a severe restrictive ventilator defect, forced vital capacity (FVC) ≤50% predicted. A significant association was noted between longer disease duration and higher odds of pulmonary hypertension, telangiectasia, and calcinosis. The prevalence of potentially fatal scleroderma renal crisis was 7%, 3.5 times higher than the 2% prevalence reported in the European League Against Rheumatism Scleroderma Trials and Research (EUSTAR) cohort.Our study emphasizes the unique and severe disease burden of SSc in African Americans compared to those of European ancestry