Light Meson Spectroscopy

We survey the current status of light meson spectroscopy. We begin with a general introduction to meson spectroscopy and and its importance in understanding the physical states of Quantum Chromo Dynamics (QCD). Phemenological models of hadron spectroscopy are described with particular emphasis on the constituent quark model and the qualitative features it predicts for the meson spectrum. We next discuss expectations for hadrons lying outside the quark model, such as hadron states with excited gluonic degrees of freedom. These states include so-called hybrids glueballs}, as well as multiquark states. The established meson states are compared to the quark model predictions and we find that most meson states are well described by the quark model. However, a number of states in the light-quark sector do not fit in well, suggesting the existence of hadronic states with additional degrees of freedom. We end with a brief description of future directions in meson spectroscopy.Comment: 111 pages with 28 imbedded figures, in LaTeX2e with no special macros. Submitted to Reviews of Modern Physics, Nov.12, 199

Liquid-liquid extraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography-diode array-ultra-violet for simultaneous determination of antineoplastic drugs in plasma

A liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection method for simultaneous analysis of four chemically and structurally different antineoplastic drugs (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil and ifosfamide) was developed. The assay was performed by isocratic elution, with a C18 column (5 µm, 250 x 4.6 mm) and mobile phase constituted by water pH 4.0- acetonitrile-methanol (68:19:13, v/v/v), which allowed satisfactory separation of the compounds of interest. LLE, with ethyl acetate, was used for sample clean-up with recoveries ranging from 60 to 98%. The linear ranges were from 0.5 to 100 µg mL-1, for doxorubicin and 1 to 100 µg mL-1, for the other compounds. The relative standard deviations ranged from 5.5 to 17.7%. This method is a fast and simple alternative that can be used, simultaneously, for the determination of the four drugs in plasma, with a range enabling quantification of the drugs in pharmacokinetics, bioequivalence and therapeutic drug-monitoring studies.<br>Um método de extração líquido-líquido (ELL) combinado com cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência-detector de arranjo de diodos foi desenvolvido para análise simultânea de quatro fármacos antineoplásicos quimicamente e estruturalmente diferentes (ciclofosfamida, doxorrubicina, fluoruracila e ifosfamida). O estudo foi realizado sob condições isocráticas, com coluna C18 (5µm, 250 x 4.6 mm) e fase móvel constituída por água pH 4.0-acetonitrila-metanol (68:19:13, v/v/v), que permitiu separação satisfatória dos analitos de interesse. A ELL, com acetato de etila, foi utilizada para limpeza da amostra, com recuperação variando de 60 a 98%. As faixas foram lineares de 0,5 a 100 µg mL-1 para doxorrubicina e 1 a 100 µg mL-1 para os outros compostos. O desvio padrão relativo variou de 5,5 a 17,7%. Este método é uma alternativa rápida e simples que pode ser usado, simultaneamente, para a determinação dos quatro fármacos em plasma, com uma faixa que permite quantificá-los em estudos de farmacocinética, bioequivalência e monitorização terapêutica