Ganganalyse im Mausmodell : Einfluss des Alters und der Frakturheilung auf den Bewegungsablauf der Maus

Obwohl die Maus als Versuchstier in zahlreichen Studien zur Untersuchung der Frakturheilung verwendet wird, wurden Studien zur Ganganalyse, insbesondere während der Frakturheilung, bis dato nicht durchgeführt. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es daher, den Einfluss des Alters sowie der Frakturheilung auf das Gangbild der Maus zu analysieren. In dem ersten Abschnitt der Studie erfolgte die Ganganalyse in gesunden jungen (3 Monate), mittelalten (10 Monate) und alten Mäusen (16 Monate) zu einem definierten Zeitpunkt. In dem zweiten Abschnitt der Studie wurde das Gangbild nach Fakturierung des Femurs und geschlossener Stabilisierung mit einer intramedullären Zugschraube in jungen (3 Monate) und alten Mäusen (16 Monate) verglichen. Das Gangbild wurde präoperativ und zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten während der Frakturheilung (1, 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 35 Tage) untersucht. Zur Analyse wurde das CatWalk-System, ein videobasiertes Echtzeitganganalyse-System, verwendet. Beim Vergleich der unterschiedlichen Altersgruppen der gesunden Mäuse zeigte sich, dass die alten Mäuse die längste Standzeit, einen signifikant längeren Schwung der einzelnen Pfoten, einen längeren Schrittzyklus und eine längere Laufdauer im Vergleich zu den jungen Versuchstieren aufwiesen. Nach Fakturierung und Stabilisierung des Femurs war die Laufdauer in der frühen Phase der Frakturheilung in alten Mäusen signifikant länger als in den jungen Mäusen. Die Laufdauer wurde von Tag 1 bis zum Tag 14 kontinuierlich kürzer. Es zeigten sich eine kürzere Stand und Schwungphase sowie ein kürzerer Schrittzyklus bei den jungen Tieren. Der Abstand der Hinterpfoten zeigte sich nach Osteosynthese in beiden Gruppen bis Tag 35 verbreitert. Die jungen Versuchstiere zeigten eine größere Kontaktfläche und eine höhere Intensität der nichtoperierten sowie der operierten Pfoten im Vergleich zur älteren Versuchsgruppe. Wir konnten zeigen, dass jüngere Tiere im Vergleich zu den älteren Tieren schneller ein physiologisches Gangbild aufweisen. Unsere Studie konnte erstmals zeigen, dass das Gangbild der Maus durch das Alter sowie durch die Frakturheilung signifikant beeinflusst wird. Somit könnte die Ganganalyse als zusätzliches Tool zur Analyse der Frakturheilung angewandt werden.Although the mouse has become a preferred model to study fracture healing, studies analyzing gait patterns of different aged mice or during bone healing does not exist. Therefore, the aim of this study was to report the change of motion pattern in different aged mice and during fracture healing in young and old mice. In the first part of the study we analyzed gait patterns in young (3 month), middle aged (10 month) and aged mice (16 month) at one time point. In the second part of the study we analyzed gait patterns after femur fracture and stabilization with an intramedullary screw in young mice (3 month) and aged mice (16 month). Dynamic gait analysis was performed before fracture and at day 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 35 after surgery. We used an established video based system method for dynamic gait analyses in rodents, the CatWalk XT. Comparing the different aged mice swing time, stand time, step cycle and run duration in old mice were significantly longer compared to that in young mice. After fracture, the run duration in the early phase of fracture healing was longer in old mice compared to young mice. During fracture healing, the run duration was shorten from day 1 to 14. Stand time, swing time and step cycle were shorter in young mice compared to old mice. After fracture, both groups showed a higher hind paw distance. Young mice showed a greater contact area and higher intensity of the hind paws when compared to old mice. In addition, young mice reached earlier a physiological gait than old mice. Our study demonstrates distinct alterations of the gait in different aged mice and after femur fracture and stabilization. Our results support that gait analysis can be used as an additional tool to study fracture healing

Experimental Study of Impingement Effusion Cooled Double-Wall Combustor Liners: Aerodynamic Analysis with Stereo-PIV

A new experimental study is presented for a combustor with a double-wall cooling design. The inner wall at the hot gas side features effusion cooling with 7-7-7 laidback fan-shaped holes, and the outer wall at the cold side features an impingement hole pattern with circular holes. Data are acquired to asses the thermal and aerodynamic behavior of the setup, using a new, scaled up, engine similar test rig. Similarity includes Reynolds, Nusselt and Biot numbers for hot gas and coolant flow. Different geometrical setups are studied by varying the cavity height between the two walls and the relative alignment of the two hole patterns at two different impingement Reynolds numbers. This article focuses on the aerodynamic performance of the setup. Instationary flow data are acquired, using a high speed stereo PIV setup. For each geometrical configuration, approximately 20 planes are recorded with a data rate of 1000 Hz by traversing the flow region of interest in the cavity between the two specimen. This fine resolution allows the reconstruction of 3D flow fields for the mean data values and an extensive analysis of transient phenomena at each plane. Time averaged data and jet-center plane transient data are presented in detail. The results show a complex flow field with a hexagonal vortex pattern in the cavity, which is mainly influenced by the cavity height and the relative alignment of the two walls. The jet Reynolds number shows small influence when analyzing normalized data. Small cavity heights show a less developed flow field with less stable vortex systems. The alignment shows a similar influence on vortex system stability, with the aligned case performing better. Additionally, statistical analysis of the jet flow and frequency domain analysis of the jet and the effusion flow are presented, showing the damping capability of the cavity, especially at increased cavity heights, and a residual low frequency pulsation of the effusion cooling inflow

de.NBI Cloud Storage Tübingen. A federated and georedundant solution for large scientific data

The »German Network for Bioinformatics Infrastructure«, or in short »de.NBI«, is a national research infrastructure providing bioinformatics services to users in life sciences research, biomedicine and related fields. At five sites across Germany, cloud sites were established to host the bioinformatics services. In Tübingen an extension of the storage capabilites of the cloud was planned, implemented and brought into production. We here report about the motivation, requirements, design decisions and experiences which might serve as inspiration for other large scale storage endeavours in the academic domain

Grundrechte

Das Lehrbuch bearbeitet die Grundrechte des Grundgesetzes auf innovative Weise. Ein Team von Nachwuchswissenschaftler/-innen aus ganz Deutschland hat Grundlagenwissen für Studierende mit weiterführendem Wissen für Examenskandidat/-innen kombiniert. Auch kritische Stimmen und historisches Hintergrundwissen finden ihren Platz, werden für Studierende mit knappem Zeitbudget aber stets transparent gekennzeichnet. Das Lehrbuch arbeitet die europa- und völkerrechtlichen Verflechtungen der deutschen Rechtsordnung intensiv auf. Es nimmt pointiert zu aktuellen rechtspolitischen Debatten Stellung. Viele Beispiele und Verweise auf digitale, interaktive Übungen regen zum kritischen Denken und selbstständigen Lernen an. Das Lehrbuch wird ergänzt durch frei zugängliche Übungsfälle.Alle Kapitel lassen sich auf einer digitalen Plattform kommentieren. Als Initiative für offene Rechtswissenschaft (OpenRewi) sehen wir unsere Arbeit als Vorschlag – die Leser:innen sind ein Teil der Diskussion

First results from in situ transmission electron microscopy studies of all-solid-state fluoride ion batteries

A focused ion beam (FIB) system is used to fabricate a micron-sized all-solid-state fluoride ion cell from a bulk battery for in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) testing. The bulk battery is based on a La0·9Ba0·1F2.9 solid-state electrolyte with a nanocomposite of Cu/C as a cathode and a nanocomposite of MgF2, Mg, La0·9Ba0·1F2.9 and C as an anode. The evolution of the morphology, structure, and composition of the electrodes and their interfaces with the electrolyte is characterized using in-situ TEM during electrochemical cycling. The high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (STEM-EDX) analysis of the cathode-electrolyte interface reveal the expected formation of CuF2 phase during charging. During cycling, grain growth of Cu in the cathode ingredients and Cu diffusion from the cathode into the electrolyte are observed in addition to void formation

Mechanical properties and fracture behavior of TiB2+z thin films

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Glutamic Acid Residues in HIV-1 p6 Regulate Virus Budding and Membrane Association of Gag

The HIV-1 Gag p6 protein regulates the final abscission step of nascent virions from the cell membrane by the action of its two late (l-) domains, which recruit Tsg101 and ALIX, components of the ESCRT system. Even though p6 consists of only 52 amino acids, it is encoded by one of the most polymorphic regions of the HIV-1 gag gene and undergoes various posttranslational modifications including sumoylation, ubiquitination, and phosphorylation. In addition, it mediates the incorporation of the HIV-1 accessory protein Vpr into budding virions. Despite its small size, p6 exhibits an unusually high charge density. In this study, we show that mutation of the conserved glutamic acids within p6 increases the membrane association of Pr55 Gag followed by enhanced polyubiquitination and MHC-I antigen presentation of Gag-derived epitopes, possibly due to prolonged exposure to membrane bound E3 ligases. The replication capacity of the total glutamic acid mutant E0A was almost completely impaired, which was accompanied by defective virus release that could not be rescued by ALIX overexpression. Altogether, our data indicate that the glutamic acids within p6 contribute to the late steps of viral replication and may contribute to the interaction of Gag with the plasma membrane

High-Entropy Sulfides as Electrode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries

High-entropy sulfides (HESs) containing 5 equiatomic transition metals (M), with different M:S ratios, are prepared by a facile one-step mechanochemical approach. Two new types of single-phase HESs with pyrite (Pa-3) and orthorhombic (Pnma) structures are obtained and demonstrate a homogeneously mixed solid solution. The straightforward synthesis method can easily tune the desired metal to sulfur ratio for HESs with different stoichiometries, by utilizing the respective metal sulfides, even pure metals, and sulfur as precursor chemicals. The structural details and solid solution nature of HESs are studied by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Since transition metal sulfides are a very versatile material class, here the application of HESs is presented as electrode materials for reversible electrochemical energy storage, in which the HESs show high specific capacities and excellent rate capabilities in secondary Li-ion batteries

High‐Entropy Sulfides as Electrode Materials for Li‐Ion Batteries

High-entropy sulfides (HESs) containing 5 equiatomic transition metals (M), with different M:S ratios, are prepared by a facile one-step mechanochemical approach. Two new types of single-phase HESs with pyrite (Pa-3) and orthorhombic (Pnma) structures are obtained and demonstrate a homogeneously mixed solid solution. The straightforward synthesis method can easily tune the desired metal to sulfur ratio for HESs with different stoichiometries, by utilizing the respective metal sulfides, even pure metals, and sulfur as precursor chemicals. The structural details and solid solution nature of HESs are studied by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Since transition metal sulfides are a very versatile material class, here the application of HESs is presented as electrode materials for reversible electrochemical energy storage, in which the HESs show high specific capacities and excellent rate capabilities in secondary Li-ion batteries