Recent ASDEX Upgrade research in support of ITER and DEMO

Recent experiments on the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak aim at improving the physics base for ITER and DEMO to aid the machine design and prepare efficient operation. Type I edge localized mode (ELM) mitigation using resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) has been shown at low pedestal collisionality ( ν ∗ ped < 0 . 4 ) . In contrast to the previous high ν ∗ regime, suppression only occurs in a narrow RMP spectral window, indicating a resonant process, and a concomitant confinement drop is observed due to a reduction of pedestal top density and electron temperature. Strong evidence is found for the ion heat flux to be the decisive element for the L–H power threshold. A physics based scaling of the density at which the minimum P LH occurs indicates that ITER could take advantage of it to initiate H-mode at lower density than that of the final Q = 10 operational point. Core density fluctuation measurements resolved in radius and wave number show that an increase of R/L T e introduced by off-axis electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) mainly increases the large scale fluctuations. The radial variation of the fluctuation level is in agreement with simulations using the GENE code. Fast particles are shown to undergo classical slowing down in the absence of large scale magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) events and for low heating power, but show signs of anomalous radial redistribution at large heating power, consistent with a broadened off-axis neutral beam current drive current profile under these conditions. Neoclassical tearing mode (NTM) suppression experiments using electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) with feedback controlled deposition have allowed to test several control strategies for ITER, including automated control of (3,2) and (2,1) NTMs during a single discharge. Disruption mitigation studies using massive gas injection (MGI) can show an increased fuelling efficiency with high field side injection, but a saturation of the fuelling efficiency is observed at high injected mass as needed for runaway electron suppression. Large locked modes can significantly decrease the fuelling efficiency and increase the asymmetry of radiated power during MGI mitigation. Concerning power exhaust, the partially detached ITER divertor scenario has been demonstrated at P sep /R = 10 MW m − 1 in ASDEX Upgrade, with a peak time averaged target load around 5MWm − 2 , well consistent with the component limits for ITER. Developing this towards DEMO, full detachment was achieved at P sep /R = 7MWm − 1 and stationary discharges with core radiation fraction of the order of DEMO requirements (70% instead of the 30% needed for ITER) were demonstrated. Finally, it remains difficult to establish the standard ITER Q = 10 scenario at low q 95 = 3 in the all-tungsten (all-W) ASDEX Upgrade due to the observed poor confinement at low β N . This is mainly due to a degraded pedestal performance and hence investigations at shifting the operational point to higher β N by lowering the current have been started. At higher q 95 , pedestal performance can be recovered by seeding N 2 as well as CD 4 , which is interpreted as improved pedestal stability due to the decrease of bootstrap current with increasing Z eff . Concerning advanced scenarios, the upgrade of ECRH power has allowed experiments with central ctr-ECCD to modify the q -profile in improved H-mode scenarios, showing an increase in confinement at still good MHD stability with flat elevated q -profiles at values between 1.5 and 2.European Commission (EUROfusion 633053

Overview of progress in European medium sized tokamaks towards an integrated plasma-edge/wall solution

Integrating the plasma core performance with an edge and scrape-off layer (SOL) that leads to tolerable heat and particle loads on the wall is a major challenge. The new European medium size tokamak task force (EU-MST) coordinates research on ASDEX Upgrade (AUG), MAST and TCV. This multi-machine approach within EU-MST, covering a wide parameter range, is instrumental to progress in the field, as ITER and DEMO core/pedestal and SOL parameters are not achievable simultaneously in present day devices. A two prong approach is adopted. On the one hand, scenarios with tolerable transient heat and particle loads, including active edge localised mode (ELM) control are developed. On the other hand, divertor solutions including advanced magnetic configurations are studied. Considerable progress has been made on both approaches, in particular in the fields of: ELM control with resonant magnetic perturbations (RMP), small ELM regimes, detachment onset and control, as well as filamentary scrape-off-layer transport. For example full ELM suppression has now been achieved on AUG at low collisionality with n = 2 RMP maintaining good confinement HH(98,y2) 0.95. Advances have been made with respect to detachment onset and control. Studies in advanced divertor configurations (Snowflake, Super-X and X-point target divertor) shed new light on SOL physics. Cross field filamentary transport has been characterised in a wide parameter regime on AUG, MAST and TCV progressing the theoretical and experimental understanding crucial for predicting first wall loads in ITER and DEMO. Conditions in the SOL also play a crucial role for ELM stability and access to small ELM regimes.European Commission (EUROfusion 633053

Planeamiento estratégico del sector de operación y mantenimiento en petróleo y gas

La producción de petróleo y gas ha estado consolidándose en el mundo. A 2014 Europa depende de Rusia, Alemania, y los Países Árabes para su desarrollo energético e industrial; y en América, EE.UU., Brasil, México, y Venezuela generan la mayor producción de crudo. Para el Sector de Operación y Mantenimiento en Petróleo y Gas, esta consolidación constituye una oportunidad de focalizar sus esfuerzos para abarcar un mercado que cada vez se hace más exigente en términos de eficiencia operacional. La reciente reducción de los precios de petróleo establece como prioridad la necesidad de optimizar los costos y por ello elementos como la tecnología, la investigación, y desarrollo se hacen cruciales para mantener la eficiencia operativa del Sector. Conscientes de esta necesidad, se desarrolla el plan estratégico para el Sector de Operación y Mantenimiento en Petróleo y Gas con la finalidad de: (a) fortalecerlo, (b) ampliar mercado a otros países de América, (c) generar un nivel técnico y tecnológico a partir de procesos de investigación y desarrollo que le permita ser más competitivo, (d) lograr el liderazgo del mercado latinoamericano, y (e) generar impactos positivos en las comunidades que seguirá siendo un aspecto de especial atención en el desarrollo del Sector. En este sentido las estrategias van dirigidas a cumplir con estos propósitos y por ello estas tratan de: (a) incrementar el mercado a través de alianzas y cubrimiento de nuevos países, (b) mejorar las condiciones de trabajo con el mejoramiento de los procesos incorporando tecnología y vinculando a la empresa privada en proyectos de investigación y desarrollo, y (c) crear esquemas de sustentabilidad de las operaciones trabajando con la comunidad para mejorar sus condiciones de vida. Con estas propuestas se espera contribuir en el posicionamiento de Colombia como protagonista competitivo en el Sector de Operación y Mantenimiento en Petróleo y Gas puesto que se incrementaría la productividad y por ende la rentabilidad de las compañías de producción de petróleo y gas.The production of oil and gas has been consolidating in the world. In 2014, Europe depended on Russia, Germany, and the Arabian Countries for its energy and industrial development; and in America, USA, Brazil, Mexico, and Venezuela generated the largest oil production. For the Operation and Maintenance in Oil and Gas Industry, this consolidation is an opportunity to focus their efforts to cover a market that is becoming more demanding in terms of operational efficiency. The recent decline in oil prices prioritizes the need to optimize costs and thus elements such as technology, research and development become crucial to maintain operational efficiency of the Industry. Recognizing this need, the strategic plan for the Operation and Maintenance in Oil and Gas Industry in order to develop is: (a) strengthen, (b) expand market to other countries in America, (c) generating a technical and technological level from processes of research and development to enable you to be more competitive, (d) achieve leadership in the Latin American market, and (e) generate positive impacts on communities will remain an area of particular focus in the development of this Industry. For this reason, strategies are directed to accomplish these objectives and these strategies are: (a) increase the market through partnerships and developing new countries, (b) improve working conditions with process improvement incorporating technology and linking private enterprise in research and development, and (c) creating operation’s sustainability schemes working with the community to improve their living conditions. These proposals are expected will contribute to the positioning of Colombia as a competitive player in the Operation and Maintenance in Oil and Gas Industry because productivity would increase and thus the profitability of companies producing oil and gas.Tesi

A beam-beam monitoring detector for the MPD experiment at NICA

The Multi-Purpose Detector (MPD) is to be installed at the Nuclotron Ion Collider fAcility (NICA) of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR). Its main goal is to study the phase diagram of the strongly interacting matter produced in heavy-ion collisions. These studies, while providing insight into the physics of heavy-ion collisions, are relevant for improving our understanding of the evolution of the early Universe and the formation of neutron stars. In order to extend the MPD trigger capabilities, we propose to include a high granularity beam-beam monitoring detector (BE-BE) to provide a level-0 trigger signal with an expected time resolution of 30 ps. This new detector will improve the determination of the reaction plane by the MPD experiment, a key measurement for flow studies that provides physics insight into the early stages of the reaction. In this work, we use simulated Au+Au collisions at NICA energies to show the potential of such a detector to determine the event plane resolution, providing further redundancy to the detectors originally considered for this purpose namely, the Fast Forward Detector (FFD) and the Hadron Calorimeter (HCAL). We also show our results for the time resolution studies of two prototype cells carried out at the T10 beam line at the CERN PS complex.Comment: 16 pages, 12 figures. Updated to published version with added comments and correction

Uso de Plasma Seminal en la Criopreservación de Espermatozoides Epididimarios de Equinos

Equine seminal plasma was used in a lactose-EDTA extender for cryopreservation of equine epididymal sperm. Twelve pairs of testicles of slaughtered horses were used. Epididymides were separated and washed applying the retrograde technique to obtain sperm by injecting 10 ml of lactose-EDTA extender through the vas deferens. Samples with more than 30% motility were used. Samples were diluted 1: 1 with the lactose-EDTAextender seminal plasma and filled into 0.5 ml straws at a concentration of 386.3 x 106, frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored for 10 days. The values for fresh and thawed samples were: motility: 43.3 and 16.4% (p&lt;0.05), viability: 48.3 and 40.5%, normal morphology: 67.1 and 56.5%, and integrity of the plasma membrane (HOS): 48.3 and 45.5%.Se utilizó plasma seminal equino en un dilutor de lactosa-EDTA para la criopreservación de espermatozoides epididimarios de equinos. Se trabajó con 12 pares de testículos de caballos beneficiados. Se separaron los epidídimos y se utilizó la técnica de lavado retrógrado para obtener los espermatozoides, inyectando 10 ml del dilutor lactosa-EDTA por el conducto deferente. Se utilizaron las muestras con más de 30% de motilidad progresiva. Las muestras fueron diluidas 1:1 con el diluyente lactosa-EDTA-plasma seminal y se envasó en pajillas de 0.5 ml a una concentración 386.3 x 106, y fueron congeladas en nitrógeno líquido y almacenadas por 10 días. Los valores obtenidos para las muestras frescas y descongeladas fueron: motilidad progresiva: 43.3 y 16.4% (p&lt;0.05), viabilidad: 48.3 y 40.5%, morfología normal: 67.1 y 56.5%, e integridad de la membrana plasmática (HOS): 48.3 y 45.5%

APORTE DE LOS MODELOS DE ASOCIATIVIDAD EMPRESARIAL EN ACTIVIDADES ECONÓMICAS SENSIBLES. ESTUDIO Y APLICACIÓN PARA EL SECTOR DE JUEGOS, SUERTE Y AZAR DE BOGOTÁ (COLOMBIA).

En este artículo se analizan las posibilidades de la asociatividad empresarial como respuesta a laproblemática que enfrentan un grupo de empresas involucradas del sector de juegos, suerte y azar dela ciudad de Bogotá y Cundinamarca, que son generadoras de empleo para muchas familiasindependientes. Se presenta una propuesta para que los colocadores independientes (promotores) deapuestas puedan conservar su actividad en el mercado, a través de una estrategia de asociatividad conla empresa que tiene la concesión para el aprovechamiento de la actividad económica mencionada. Através de una metodología exploratoria se hace un acercamiento conceptual a la asociatividadempresarial, realizando un trabajo interpretativo sobre los modelos más utilizados actualmente, asícomo de las experiencia exitosas en otros contextos geográcos

PRACTICAS DE LA ESPIRITUALIDAD EN EL CUIDADO DE ENFERMERIA EN AREA DE HOSPITALIZACION

Introducción: El hombre es considerado como un conjunto de dimensiones que lo caracterizan e identifican, entre dichas dimensiones se encuentra la espiritual, la cual ha sido considerada como fundamental en el desarrollo de las demás. Objetivo: Describir las prácticas de espiritualidad en el cuidado de enfermería en Hospitalización de Clínicas de Cuarto Nivel de Barranquilla. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, cuantitativo, realizada en enfermeros/as que laboraban en las diferentes instituciones. Se determinaron las prácticas espirituales de 45 enfermeras(o) en los servicios de hospitalización de las clínicas. Se utilizó el Instrumento ESCALA DE PERSPECTIVA ESPIRITUAL” (SPS). Resultados: Se observó que el 64% hablan una vez al día de asuntos espirituales con su familia o amigos, el 53% una vez al día comparten problemas y alegrías teniendo en cuenta sus creencias espirituales, el 55% una vez al día lee material de tipo espiritual, el 86% reza en privado una vez al día. Conclusión: Los participantes consideran las creencias espirituales como una parte importante en la vida del ser humano, aunque aseguran que en la práctica diaria una vez al día mencionan algún asunto sobre espiritualidad. Se infiere de lo anterior que a pesar de reconocer la importancia de la espiritualidad no es una herramienta utilizada en el cuidado. ABSTRACTIntroduction: The man is considered as a set of dimensions that characterize it and identify, between these dimensions is the spiritual, which has been considered as fundamental in the development of the other. Objective: To describe the practice of spirituality in the care of nurses in hospital of clinics of fourth level of Barranquilla. Materials and methods: quantitative, descriptive study conducted in nurses who were working in the various institutions. Spiritual practices 45 nurses (or) in clinical inpatient services were determined. We used the instrument scale of spiritual perspective"(SPS). Results: It was observed that 64% talk about spiritual matters with your family or friends once a day, 53% once a day share problems and joys taking into account their spiritual beliefs, 55% a day after lee material of a spiritual kind, 86% pray privately once a day. Conclusion: Participants considered spiritual beliefs as an important part in the life of human beings, even though they claim that in daily practice once a day mentioned something about spirituality. Be inferred from the above while recognising the importance of spirituality is not a tool used in care

Anti-VEGF therapy for retinal diseases treatment : recommendations for it practice in Colombia

Objetivo: Exponer la experiencia local sobre el tratamiento de las enfermedades retinales con terapias anti factor de crecimiento endotelial vascular (anti-VEGF) y crear conciencia en relación con la atención centrada en el paciente reconociendo el papel de los médicos especialistas en la determinación del tratamiento más apropiado basado principalmente en la evidencia científica, pero también teniendo en cuenta la experiencia y práctica exitosas en el manejo de cada paciente, con base en sus características únicas e individuales. Método: Revisión y comparación de la literatura científica con la experiencia de los autores, en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las enfermedades que involucran inyecciones intraoculares, haciendo especial énfasis en la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad neo vascular (DMRE-NV), el edema macular diabético (EMD), la retinopatía diabética (RD), edema macular por oclusión venosa de rama de vena central de la retina (ORVR), la oclusión de vena central de la retina (OVCR) y la neo vascularización sub retiniana asociada a miopía patológica (MP). Resultados: la revisión realizada reafirma que tanto cuando hablamos de clases de medicamentos, de algoritmos de tratamiento o de perfiles de paciente, los diferentes agentes de una misma clase terapéutica pueden tener eficacias o perfiles de seguridad variables. Se debe considerar la importancia clínica que representa la valoración adecuada de los resultados pos tratamiento, pero sobre todo, la selección cuidadosa para determinar el agente y esquema más apropiado en la intención de tratar a un paciente. Si bien existen recomendaciones y guías de tratamiento para las patologías, los protocolos en el manejo individualizado y la exposición de estas experiencias de vida real se hacen necesarios, ya que no todos los pacientes ni todas las enfermedades de la retina responden de igual forma a cada agente terapéutico. Conclusión: La eficacia y seguridad en el uso de las terapias anti-VEGF son aspectos de suma importancia cuando se trata de proporcionar una atención verdaderamente centrada en el paciente. No hay ninguna solución, intervención o alternativa terapéutica que se ajuste a todas las enfermedades oculares complejas, por lo que es importante hacer un balance que considere la evidencia disponible, la experiencia, y las expectativas de los pacientes y tratantes. Esto permitirá acceder a las alternativas terapéuticas adecuadas, en el momento adecuado siempre teniendo en mente los perfiles de eficacia, seguridad, farmacovigilancia activa y los costos asociados a las alternativas terapéuticas utilizadas en el país.46-62Purpose: To display local experience on treatment for retinal diseases with anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (anti-VEGF) therapies and to raise awareness regarding patient-centered care, recognizing the role of medical specialists in determining the most appropriate treatment mainly based on scientific evidence, but also considering the successful experience and practice handling each patient, based on their unique and individual characteristics. Method: Review and comparison of scientific literature according to the authors experience to diagnose and treat diseases involving intraocular injections, focusing on Neovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration (NV-AMD), Diabetic Macular Edema (DME), Diabetic Retinopathy (DR), Macular Edema due to Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO), Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO) and Sub-retinal Neovascularization associated with Pathological Myopia (PM). Results: the review confirms that, when speaking of drug classes, treatment algorithms or patient profiles, different agents of the same therapeutic class can result in variable efficacies or safety profiles. Th e clinical relevance represented by the adequate assessment of post-treatment results must be considered, but specially, the careful screening to determine the most appropriate agent and regimen in the intention-to-treat a patient. Though recommendations and treatment guidelines for pathologies exist, protocols in individualized management and exposure of these real-life experiences are necessary, since not all patients or all retinal diseases respond in the same way to each therapeutic agent. Conclusion: Efficacy and safety using anti-VEGF therapies are extremely important when it comes to providing truly patient-centered care. There is no therapeutic solution, intervention or alternative that fits all complex ocular diseases, so it is important to weigh the available evidence, the experience and the expectations of both patients and prescribers. Th is will allow to get access to the appropriate therapeutic alternatives, in a timely manner, always considering the efficacy and safety profiles, active pharmacovigilance and the costs associated with the therapeutic alternatives used locally