Перспективы гуманитарного образования в российских вузах

Снижение уровня гуманитарного образования в российских вузах определяет необходимость пересмотреть теоретико-методологические основы гуманитарного образования, а также условия реализации образовательного потенциала гуманитарной культуры. Рассматривается комплекс задач, решение которых может вывести образование на новый уровень

Модифицированный градиентный алгоритм обучения радиально-базисных нейронных сетей

Приведена структура радиально-базисных нейронных сетей. Определены недостатки классического градиентного алгоритма обучения нейронных сетей в задачах идентификации объектов управления. Предложен модифицированный градиентный алгоритм обучения, позволяющий устранить недостатки классического. Показан пример применения модифицированного алгоритма в задаче аппроксимации двумерной функции

Определение нижней границы оценки компактности для топологических разбиений

Вводится понятие компактного множества объектов распределенной системы и предлагается эффективный алгоритм формирования таких множеств. На основе компактных множеств предложено два способа определения нижней границы оценки компактности топологического разбиения. Приводится пример работы программного средства, реализующего алгоритм определения нижней границы разбиения

Beherztes körperliches Eingreifen und der Wert von Berührung im schulischen Kontext: Antworten aus einem Workshopangebot zu Handlungsoptionen vor, während und nach der Pandemie

Die Corona-Pandemie rückt Themen ins Bewusstsein und eröffnet neue Dimensionen. Dies gilt auch für das Phänomen der Berührung im schulischen Kontext. Seit 2013 wird ein auf persönlichen Erfahrungen aufbauender Workshop angeboten, der pädagogischen Fachkräften Handlungssicherheit für den Umgang mit Lernenden bieten soll. Durch verschiedene Perspektiven wird verdeutlicht, dass es ein generelles Berührungsverbot im schulischen Kontext nicht geben kann. Es gibt verschiedene Berührungssituationen im Kontext von Schule, die differenziert betrachtet werden sollten. Berührung ist verboten, unpassend, grenzüberschreitend, haltgebend, unterstützend, förderlich, notwendig, erforderlich, unausweichlich und/oder vorgeschrieben. Die Sensibilisierung für dieses Thema ermöglicht Handlungspotenziale, die zu einer professionellen Beziehungsgestaltung und Persönlichkeitsentwicklung von Schüler*innen beitragen können. Insbesondere nach der Corona-Pandemie wird es wichtig sein, Berührung ohne Angst, sich oder andere anzustecken, erlebbar zu machen. Schule kann zu einer gesellschaftlichen Krisenbewältigung ihren Beitrag leisten. Lernen auf Distanz und die notwendigen Digitalisierungsbestrebungen müssen den Wert der körperlichen Präsenz für Lernen und Beziehung berücksichtigen – auch, um etwas gegen eine drohende Berührungsarmut, Vereinzelung, Entmenschlichung und Einsamkeit zu unternehmen

The Influence of Distance and Lateral Offset of Follow Me Robots on User Perception

Robots that are designed to work in close proximity to humans are required to move and act in a way that ensures social acceptance by their users. Hence, a robot's proximal behavior toward a human is a main concern, especially in human-robot interaction that relies on relatively close proximity. This study investigated how the distance and lateral offset of “Follow Me” robots influences how they are perceived by humans. To this end, a Follow Me robot was built and tested in a user study for a number of subjective variables. A total of 18 participants interacted with the robot, with the robot's lateral offset and distance varied in a within-subject design. After each interaction, participants were asked to rate the movement of the robot on the dimensions of comfort, expectancy conformity, human likeness, safety, trust, and unobtrusiveness. Results show that users generally prefer robot following distances in the social space, without a lateral offset. However, we found a main influence of affinity for technology, as those participants with a high affinity for technology preferred closer following distances than participants with low affinity for technology. The results of this study show the importance of user-adaptiveness in human-robot-interaction.DFG, 414044773, Open Access Publizieren 2019 - 2020 / Technische Universität Berli

Calibration-free gaze interfaces based on linear smooth pursuit

Since smooth pursuit eye movements can be used without calibration in spontaneous gaze interaction, the intuitiveness of the gaze interface design has been a topic of great interest in the human-computer interaction field. However, since most related research focuses on curved smooth-pursuit trajectories, the design issues of linear trajectories are poorly understood. Hence, this study evaluated the user performance of gaze interfaces based on linear smooth pursuit eye movements. We conducted an experiment to investigate how the number of objects (6, 8, 10, 12, or 15) and object moving speed (7.73 ˚/s vs. 12.89 ˚/s) affect the user performance in a gaze-based interface. Results show that the number and speed of the displayed objects influence users’ performance with the interface. The number of objects significantly affected the correct and false detection rates when selecting objects in the display. Participants’ performance was highest on interfaces containing 6 and 8 objects and decreased for interfaces with 10, 12, and 15 objects. Detection rates and orientation error were significantly influenced by the moving speed of displayed objects. Faster moving speed (12.89 ˚/s) resulted in higher detection rates and smaller orientation error compared to slower moving speeds (7.73 ˚/s). Our findings can help to enable a calibration-free accessible interaction with gaze interfaces.DFG, 414044773, Open Access Publizieren 2019 - 2020 / Technische Universität Berli

Case study of a humidity layer above Arctic stratocumulus and potential turbulent coupling with the cloud top

Specific humidity inversions (SHIs) above low-level cloud layers have been frequently observed in the Arctic. The formation of these SHIs is usually associated with large-scale advection of humid air masses. However, the potential coupling of SHIs with cloud layers by turbulent processes is not fully understood. In this study, we analyze a 3 d period of a persistent layer of increased specific humidity above a stratocumulus cloud observed during an Arctic field campaign in June 2017. The tethered balloon system BELUGA (Balloon-bornE moduLar Utility for profilinG the lower Atmosphere) recorded vertical profile data of meteorological, turbulence, and radiation parameters in the atmospheric boundary layer. An in-depth discussion of the problems associated with humidity measurements in cloudy environments leads to the conclusion that the observed SHIs do not result from measurement artifacts. We analyze two different scenarios for the SHI in relation to the cloud top capped by a temperature inversion: (i) the SHI coincides with the cloud top, and (ii) the SHI is vertically separated from the lowered cloud top. In the first case, the SHI and the cloud layer are coupled by turbulence that extends over the cloud top and connects the two layers by turbulent mixing. Several profiles reveal downward virtual sensible and latent heat fluxes at the cloud top, indicating entrainment of humid air supplied by the SHI into the cloud layer. For the second case, a downward moisture transport at the base of the SHI and an upward moisture flux at the cloud top is observed. Therefore, the area between the cloud top and SHI is supplied with moisture from both sides. Finally, large-eddy simulations (LESs) complement the observations by modeling a case of the first scenario. The simulations reproduce the observed downward turbulent fluxes of heat and moisture at the cloud top. The LES realizations suggest that in the presence of a SHI, the cloud layer remains thicker and the temperature inversion height is elevated

Simultaneous dynamic glucose-enhanced (DGE) MRI and fiber photometry measurements of glucose in the healthy mouse brain

Glucose is the main energy source in the brain and its regulated uptake and utilization are important biomarkers of pathological brain function. Glucose Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (GlucoCEST) and its time-resolved version Dynamic Glucose-Enhanced MRI (DGE) are promising approaches to monitor glucose and detect tumors, since it is radioactivity-free, does not require 13C labelling and it is easily translatable to the clinics. The main principle of DGE is clear. However, what remains to be established is to which extent the signal reflects vascular, extracellular or intracellular glucose. To elucidate the compartmental contributions to the DGE signal, we coupled it with FRET-based fiber photometry of genetically encoded sensors, a technique that combines quantitative glucose readout with cellular specificity. The glucose sensor FLIIP was used with fiber photometry to measure astrocytic and neuronal glucose changes upon injection of D-glucose, 3OMG and L-glucose, in the anaesthetized murine brain. By correlating the kinetic profiles of the techniques, we demonstrate the presence of a vascular contribution to the signal, especially at early time points after injection. Furthermore, we show that, in the case of the commonly used contrast agent 3OMG, the DGE signal actually anticorrelates with the glucose concentration in neurons and astrocytes. Keywords: fiber photometry; genetically encoded sensors; glucoCEST; kinetic modelling; two-photon microscopy