Use and Conservation of Edible Wild Plants in Bhutan

In an investigation of edible wild plants in Bhutan by the authors, plants samples were identified and categorized into 60 families and 172 species and 6 families and 18 species from Divisions Magnoliophyta and Pteridophyta,respectively.Management of the community forest is one effective way for achieving in-situ conservation of edible wild plants. Since gathering edible wild plants in a forest is performed simultaneously with the maintenance and management of the forest in Bhutan, gathering is thought to be helpful to forest conservation.ブータンでの食用野生植物の調査の結果，種子植物で60科172種が，シダ植物で６科18種が確認された。共有林を維持管理していくことは，このような野生植物の生息域内保全に効果的である。ブータンでは食用野生植物の採取は森林の維持管理と一体的に行われているため，森林保全の一助にもなっていると考えられる。Article信州大学農学部紀要 48（1-2）: 75-83(2012)departmental bulletin pape

New findings on the fungal species Tricholoma matsutake from Ukraine, and revision of its taxonomy and biogeography based on multilocus phylogenetic analyses

Publisher Copyright: © 2022 Elsevier B.V.. All rights reserved.Matsutake mushrooms are among the best-known edible wild mushroom taxa worldwide. The representative Tricholoma matsutake is from East Asia and the northern and central regions of Europe. Here, we report the existence of T. matsutake under fir trees in Eastern Europe (i.e., Ukraine), as confirmed by phylogenetic analysis of nine loci on the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. All specimens from Japan, Bhutan, China, North Korea, South Korea, Sweden, Finland, and Ukraine formed a T. matsutake clade according to the phylogeny of the internal transcribed spacer region. The European population of T. matsutake was clustered based on the β2 tubulin gene, with a moderate bootstrap value. In contrast, based on analyses of three loci, i.e., rpb2, tef1, and the β2 tubulin gene, T. matsutake specimens sampled from Bhutan and China belonged to a clade independent of the other specimens of this species, implying a genetically isolated population. As biologically available type specimens of T. matsutake have not been designated since its description as a new species from Japan in 1925, we established an epitype of this fungus, sampled in a Pinus densiflora forest in Nagano, Japan.Peer reviewe

スイデンケイハン ニ セイイク スル オオバコ PLANTAGO ASIATICA L. ハ トクチョウテキ ナ シュシハツガトクセイ ヲ ユウスル

水田畦畔において,オオバコは土壌流亡の防止,緑環境の維持の役割を担っている不可欠な植物の一種である。そこでは,畦畔管理としての刈取り作業が実施される。種子でのみ繁殖するオオバコにとって,刈取りは生殖成長・種子繁殖の制限要因となるが,現地では刈取後に幼植物の繁茂が観察される。これには表層土に存在する種子からの発芽・成長が考えられ,水田畦畔では種子の休眠性が弱いことが想定される。そこで,オオバコ種子の発芽特性を,水田畦畔を含む複数の生育地から採取した種子を用いて比較検討した。さらに,水田畦畔および踏み跡広場で生育しているオオバコから採取した成熟種子の季節的出芽特性を比較した。これらの結果をもとに,水田畦畔に生育するオオバコ種子の発芽特性を,刈取りに対する適応性の観点から検討した。その結果,水田畦畔から採取したオオバコ種子はいずれも90%以上の高い発芽率を示した。また,採種時期にかかわらず播種直後に速やかに出芽した。一方,踏み跡広場から採取した種子では,7月中旬に採取した種子は出芽率が低く,秋採取の種子は出芽に遅延がみられ,秋から初冬に採取した種子は播種直後には全く出芽せず,翌春に再出芽あるいは出芽するなど,種子出芽特性にかなり大きな季節変動が示された。以上から,水田畦畔に生育するオオバコの成熟種子は採種場所や採種時期にかかわらず,発芽好適条件下では速やかに発芽できることが判明した。このことから,オオバコは水田畦畔においては,刈取りによって既存植生が一時的に疎となり,地際の光強度が強まる条件で,湿潤な土壌環境を利用して速やかな出芽が可能である特性を有するものと推察される。In paddy field levees, the Asiatic plantain is a necessary plant that supports prevention of soil run-off and maintenance of a green environment. At such places, grass mowing is done as farmland management. For the Asiatic plantain, which reproduces solely from seed, mowing could negatively affect generative growth and seed propagation. Despite this potential damage, thickly regrown seedlings can be observed soon after mowing operations. This rapid emergence response of the plant indicates that many seeds of this species exist in and on the soil. It is assumed that the seed dormancy is weak in the paddy field levee. Thus, the seed dormancy of the Asiatic plantain was investigated using seeds in many growing locations including paddy field levees. Furthermore, seasonal germination characteristics of the Asiatic plantain seed in a paddy field levee were compared with those in other areas (an open land), thereby clarifying the germination characteristics of this plant\u27s seeds. Based on the results obtained, the adaptability for mowing of the Asiatic plantain seed in the paddy field levee was examined.Consequently, the seed collected from the paddy field levee showed a high germination percentage of greater than 90% without exception, and the ratio of dormant seeds was small. Regarding the seeds of plants grown in open land, the emergence varied among seasons : seed collected in mid-July showed a low emergence rate and that in autumn a delayed emergence. The seed collected in the open land during late fall to early winter was unable to emerge soon after sowing, but emerged in the following spring.These results show that, regardless of the seed production season, the mature seeds of the Asiatic plantain growing in paddy field levee can germinate immediately after sowing under environmental conditions suitable for germination. Therefore, it is considered that the seed grown in a certain place begins to germinate in response to full sunlight exposure on the moist soil after mowing, and thereby the Asiatic plantain can succeed its life cycle in the paddy field levee

コウサクチ ニ オケル オオバコ PLANTAGO ASIATICA L. ノ テイチャク ニ オヨボス ヒキヌキ フクド ノ エイキョウ

オオバコは畦畔および農道では旺盛に繁殖するが,耕起地では繁茂しないことが知られている。その要因を解明するため,オオバコおよび比較植物としてメヒシバ,オヒシバおよびスベリヒユを用いて,耕耘を想定した引抜き,埋没処理に対する再生反応,および耕耘後の種子再生産能力推定のための播種期別生殖成長到達日数について検討した。実験1として,3および5葉期の個体を引抜き後,あるいは引抜かずに,それらの個体を深さ2および6cmに土壌で埋没した。対照区には,引抜きおよび埋没をしない区を当てた。その結果,6cmの埋没区においては,引抜きの有無,処理の時期にかかわらず4種とも全く再生しなかったが,2cmの埋没区では,再生程度に著しい種間差があった。オオバコでは無引抜き区において,対照区の3%(3葉期処理)∼17%(5葉期処理),スベリヒユでは引抜き区で3%(3葉期処理)∼27%(5葉期処理),無引抜き区で13%(3葉期処理)∼27%(5葉期処理),メヒシバでは引抜き区および無引抜き区それぞれ3%(3葉期処理)∼7%および20%(5葉期処理),オヒシバでは5葉期の引抜き区のみ3%が再生した。再生個体の草丈は,オオバコにおいて劣った。実験2として,5∼7月に播種したところ,7月播種のオオバコのみ当年内には生殖成長に至らなかった。以上のように,オオバコ個体は耕耘時に土壌から引抜かれ,土壌中に埋没されると全く再生できず,引抜かれなくても土壌埋没によって再生が劣り,草丈も低く,さらに,季節的に遅く出芽した個体では種子生産が当年内に行われず,耕地において生活環の完結が困難になるものと推察された。Asiatic plantain (Plantago asiatica L.) grows thickly and rapidly in levees and farm roads, but not in cultivated fields. We clarified the non-adaptability of Asiatic plantain to fields that had been plowed for management.Generally, plowing pulls up, cuts, and buries plants under the soil. The experiment described herein investigates regrowth responses against artificially simulated “pulling-up” and “soil covering” caused by plowing. Assuming that germination from buried seeds occurs after plowing, florescence occurring within a year from seed sowing was examined. Asiatic plantain was examined along with upland weeds : hairy crabgrass (Digitaria adscendens (H.B.K.) Henr.), goosegrass (Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.), and common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.).Plants in three-leaf and five-leaf stages were pulled up and covered with 2cm or 6cm deep soil. For comparison, plants that had not been pulled up were treated without soil covering (established plants hereinafter).Results show that none of the four plants with soil covering thickness of 6cm regrew. However, with 2-cm-thick coverage, considerable differences were apparent among species. Regarding Asiatic plantain, only 3% (three-leaf stage treatment)-17% (five-leaf stage treatment) of established plants regrew. Regarding common purslane, 3% (three-leaf stage treatment)-27% (five-leaf stage treatment) of the plants regrew when pulled up ; 13% (three-leaf stage treatment)-27% (five-leaf stage treatment) of plants regrew with no pulling-up treatment. For hairy crabgrass, 3% (three-leaf stage treatment)-7% (five-leaf stage treatment) of plants regrew with pulling-up treatment ; 20% of plants regrew in the five-leaf stage with none in the pulling-up treatment. Furthermore, only 3% of the goosegrass pulled up at the five-leaf stage regrew. The regrown Asiatic plantain plant length was considerably less. Of the four species sown in May, June, and July, only the Asiatic plantain did not flower within the year sown in July.As described above, Asiatic plantain, once pulled up from the soil, is unable to regrow. Plants that are covered with soil, even if established, are very small. Seedlings that germinate in the late season (summer) have insufficient time to produce seed. These results underscore that Asiatic plantain cannot complete its life cycle in a frequently plowed field

タイヒ レンネン シヨウ ニ ヨル ザッソウ ハッセイリョウ ノ ヘンカ ト ソノ ヨウイン ノ カイメイ

近年,堆肥を活用した栽培が普及してきたが,それに伴い堆肥施用圃場で発生する雑草の種類およびその量が化学肥料施用圃場とはかなり異なっていることが観察されている。しかし,作物生産圃場でのその詳細な実態についての報告はほとんどない。そこで,本研究では,堆肥施用の有無による雑草発生の差異の実態とその要因について検討した。2002年から2008年までの7年間,両圃場でスイートコーンを栽培し,407年目に調査を行った。本試験での化学肥料施用圃場は化学肥料(N, P^2O^5, K^2O, 各10kg/10a/年)を施用した。堆肥施用圃場は,堆肥(2tDM/10a)および化学肥料(年次によりN, P^2O^5, K^2O各0～2Kg/10a)を施用した。さらに,堆肥施用開始時の変化を明らにするために,堆肥施用履歴のない新規圃場に2007年から同様の試験区(堆肥区の化学肥料はN, P^2O^5, K^2O各2,10,10kg/10a)を設定し,同年と次年度に調査した。結果は以下のとおりである。両試験において,化学肥料施用圃場では,常にメヒシバが優占した。これに対して,堆肥施用圃場では,メヒシバのみでなく,広葉雑草(ホソアオゲイトウ,アメリカタカサブロウなど)が優占する年もあった。スイートコーン栽培期間中と収穫後の雑草の総乾物重は,化学肥料施用圃場に比べ堆肥施用圃場で堆肥施用初年目から明らかに上回る年があった。土壌中の硝酸態窒素濃度は,化学肥料施用圃場に比べ堆肥施用圃場で上回る傾向が見られた。以上のことから,堆肥を施用することによって,優占雑草種に大きな変動が生じるとともに雑草の乾物重が増大する傾向にあることが明らかになった。この変化の要因としては,堆肥の連年施用による土壌中の硝酸態窒素の増加にあると考察された。In recent years, cultivation using compost application has become popular in Japan. The kinds and quantities of weeds in fields with applied compost differ considerably from those in fields using chemical fertilizers. However, few reports describe the effects in crop fields. This study evaluated differences in the appearance of weeds in fields and clarified the factors conducive to them. We cultivated sweet corn in two fields for six years from 2002, and investigated them during years 3-6. To one field, chemical fertilizer was applied (N, P^2O^5, K^2O ; 10kg/10a/yr). To another field, composted animal waste was applied (2 tDM/10a/yr) along with chemical fertilizer (N, P^2O^5, K^2O ; 0-2 kg/10a/yr). Another examination was conducted in 2007 to clarify early changes of compost application in a new field to which compost had not been applied. On field of applied compost in this investigation, a little chemical fertilizer (N, P^2O^5, K^2O ; 2, 10, 10 kg/10a/yr) was used with the compost. The results were the following. In the field using chemical fertilizer alone, Digitaria ciliaris was consistently dominant in both investigations. In contrast, in the field with applied compost, Digitaria ciliaris and several species (Amaranthus patulus, Eclipta alba) of broad-leaf weeds were frequently dominant. The dry matter weight of plants in the field with applied compost surpassed that of the field using chemical fertilizer annually during the sweet corn growing season and after harvesting from the first year of compost application. The nitrate nitrogen concentration of soil in the field with applied compost was higher than that of the field with applied chemical fertilizer. The results described above show that compost application increased the variety of dominant weeds and tended to increase the dry matter weight of weeds. The increase of nitrate nitrogen into the soil caused by continuous application of compost was inferred as a contributing factor to these changes

Multifocal Periosteal Chondromas in the Ring Finger of an Adolescent Boy: Case Report

We describe an unusual case of a 12-year-old boy who presented with a loss of motion in the ring finger caused by 2 separate periosteal chondromas involving the proximal and middle phalanges. Range of motion improved and recurrence did not occur at the 5-year follow-up after marginal excision of both lesions. (J Hand Surg 2011;36A:101-105.ArticleJOURNAL OF HAND SURGERY-AMERICAN VOLUME. 36A(1):101-105 (2011)journal articl

Effects of Seed Hydropriming on Germination and Seedling Vigor during Emergence of Rice under Different Soil Moisture Conditions

International audienc