A Role for the Cysteine-Rich 10 kDa Prolamin in Protein Body I Formation in Rice

The rice prolamins consist of cysteine-rich 10 kDa (CysR10), 14 kDa (CysR14) and 16 kDa (CysR16) molecular species and a cysteine-poor 13 kDa (CysP13) polypeptide. These storage proteins form protein bodies (PBs) composed of single spherical intracisternal inclusions assembled within the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that CysR10 and CysP13 were asymmetrically distributed within the PBs, with the former concentrated at the electron-dense center core region and the latter distributed mainly to the electron-lucent peripheral region. These results together with temporal expression data showed that the formation of prolamin-containing PB-I in the wild-type endosperm was initiated by the accumulation of CysR10 to form the center core. In mutants deficient for cysteine-rich prolamins, the typical PB-I structures containing the electron-dense center core were not observed, and instead were replaced by irregularly shaped, electron-lucent, hypertrophied PBs. Similar, deformed PBs were observed in a CysR10 RNA interference plant line. These results suggest that CysR10, through its formation of the central core and its possible interaction with other cysteine-rich prolamins, is required for tight packaging of the proteins into a compact spherical structure

Control of electrostatic charge on particles by impact charging

The control of electrostatic charge on particles in gas–solids pipe flow has been studied experimentally and theoretically. Alumina particles of 3.3 μm in count median diameter were dispersed in airflow and pneumatically transported in the dilute phase. Five different materials were used for the transport pipes, and the relationships between the particle charge and the pipe length were obtained. The polarity and the amount of particle charge were found to depend on the pipe material and the length. In order to control the particle charge, a system combining two different pipe materials was proposed depending on the particle-charging characteristics. The charge controlled by this method was in good agreement with the theoretical calculation. Furthermore, it was found that the distribution of particle charge as well as the average can be controlled

Control of electrostatic charge on particles by impact charging

The control of electrostatic charge on particles in gas–solids pipe flow has been studied experimentally and theoretically. Alumina particles of 3.3 μm in count median diameter were dispersed in airflow and pneumatically transported in the dilute phase. Five different materials were used for the transport pipes, and the relationships between the particle charge and the pipe length were obtained. The polarity and the amount of particle charge were found to depend on the pipe material and the length. In order to control the particle charge, a system combining two different pipe materials was proposed depending on the particle-charging characteristics. The charge controlled by this method was in good agreement with the theoretical calculation. Furthermore, it was found that the distribution of particle charge as well as the average can be controlled

Border Crossings: Anti-Imperialism and Race-Making in Transpacific Movements, 1910-1951

“Border Crossings” is a transnational history that examines how Japanese and Korean migrant activists developed anti-imperialist political thought and cultures in Tokyo, Seoul, Chicago, and New York from the 1910s through the 1940s. Using multi-sited archival research in the United States, Korea, and Japan, I argue that interracial and interethnic encounters of the activists, such as their relationships with other Asians, African Americans, and migrant whites, were central to the development of their political thought and cultural production. I primarily focus on six Korean and Japanese migrant socialists, some of whom collaborated with each other. As activists and writers, these migrants drew on their experiences as racialized workers, colonial subjects, and diasporic intellectuals. To challenge empire and racism, these radicals developed ideas that traveled the global circuit of critical theory, namely theories on class and gender. Contributing to transnational, East Asian, and U.S. history, this dissertation illuminates how transpacific migration and intercultural exchanges allowed these activists to imagine broader coalitions. Based on primary sources in English, Japanese, and Korean such as magazines, newspapers, political pamphlets, fiction, visual materials, and government records, “Border Crossings” shows shared politics and different perspectives of anti-imperialism between Japanese and Korean activists. Japanese colonialism in Korea and its invasion of China, U.S. immigration restrictions and institutional racism, and World War II had a shifting influence on social movements and migrant communities, shaping different political orientations within the activist spheres. While Japanese socialists tended to prioritize class solidarity at the expense of anticolonialism, their Korean counterparts frequently emphasized the importance of decolonization in relation to other forms of social change. For both of these activist groups, contemporary social movements including African American freedom struggles and Chinese nationalist movements became important reference points as they developed their anti-imperialism. Exploring intersecting agendas for radical social transformation, this dissertation shows how transpacific relocations and imaginations of activists advanced anti-imperial coalitions or redefined the boundaries of activism in both East Asia and the United States. As a transpacific and inter-Asian history, “Border Crossings” intervenes in debates over Japanese imperialism, U.S. and East Asian migrations and racial formations, and global intellectual history and social movements. Whereas historians have examined the mutually constitutive nature of Japan’s imperial metropole and its colonies, the question of how colonial relations shaped East Asian and Asian American migrations and social movements has not received enough attention. Showing that Japanese imperialism deeply affected politics and cultures of migrants and activists, this dissertation contributes to the historiographies of imperial Japan, colonial Korea, and early Asian America. Moreover, although scholars have analyzed flows of people, ideas, and cultures that crossed the Pacific, Asians tend to appear as individual national groups in their narratives. This dissertation emphasizes interracial/-ethnic experiences of migrant socialists in the early to mid-twentieth century and explores how relocations and encounters shaped their imagination and practice of solidarity. In so doing, “Border Crossings” joins the growing body of transpacific studies and Afro-Asian history and sheds a new light on the history of the global left. Centering on under-appreciated stories of migrant radicals within a comparative and connective framework, this dissertation illuminates possibilities and limitations of transnational socialist movements.PHDHistoryUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/151751/1/hmatsu_1.pd

Characterizing the effect of substrate surface roughness on particle–wall interaction with the airflow method

The effect of surface roughness on particle–wall interaction was studied by the airflow method. Five kinds of monodispersed spherical particles (Dp50 = 11-41 μm) and six test pieces with different surface roughness (Ra = 0.01-1.64 μm) were used in the experiments. The particles were dispersed on the test pieces to form a monolayer, and entrained in a rectangular air channel. The air velocity increased at a constant rate, and the entrained particles were detected with a laser dust monitor. Microscopic observations showed that particle entrainment occurred in discrete and intermittent events during experiment, thus a statistical parameter, i.e. the particle entrainment efficiency as a function of the air velocity, was defined for evaluating the particle–wall interaction force distribution. The experimental results showed that the air velocity for particle entrainment decreases with the increase of the surface roughness within submicron-scale and reaches a lower limit, while increases to some extent for micron-scale surface roughness. It was also found that the effect of the substrate surface roughness depends on the particle diameter

Simultaneous phenomenon of particle deposition and reentrainment in charged aerosol flow -- effects of particle charge and external electric field on the deposition layer

Formation of a particle deposition layer has been investigated as a simultaneous phenomenon of particle deposition and reentrainment in a turbulent aerosol flow. Aerosol particles passed through a corona charger were pneumatically transported into a glass tube equipped with a ring-type electrode. The deposition layers formed on the tube wall under various conditions were then quantitatively analyzed with particular attention to the effects of particle charge and external electric field on the deposition layer. The charged particles formed a filmy deposition layer around the electrode independent of the polarity of the particle charge and applied voltage. The mass of the deposition layer increased with elapsed time and became constant after an equilibrium state of particle deposition and reentrainment had been achieved. The time dependence was represented by an exponential equation; the time constant decreased with increasing particle charge and/or applied voltage, and the equilibrium mass of the deposition layer increased with particle charge. Furthermore, it was found that an appropriate arrangement of electrodes to control external electric field eliminates the filmy deposition layer

Measurement of mass flow rate of polymer powder based on static electrification of particles

Measurement of mass flow rate of polymer powder in a gas-solids pipe flow was investigated theoretically and experimentally. The measurement was based on the static electrification of the flowing particles. In the system, two current detecting pipes made of different materials were used and mass flow rates were calculated from the two generated currents. Since polymer powder formed a stiff coating layer on the hard surface of metallic pipes by particle collision, several polymer materials were examined as to the detecting pipes and the performance of the current detection was evaluated by changing the powder flow rate. It was found that electrically conductive polymers containing carbon had superior stability for the current detection. It was also found that the mass flow rate of polymer powder could be measured by use of two different conductive polymers for the detecting pipes

Effects of wall vibration on particle deposition and reentrainment in aerosol flow

The simultaneous phenomenon of particle deposition and reentrainment on a vibrating wall has been studied experimentally. Aerosols that were generated by dispersing alumina powder, of size 3.8-12.5 μm mass median diameter, were transported into a vertical glass tube equipped with a vibration motor. The formation process of the particle deposition layer in the tube was observed through a digital video camera with a zoom lens. The experimental results showed that wall vibration was effective to enhance particle reentrainment. Critical flow velocity for the case of no particle layer formation decreased with increasing vibration acceleration and/or particle diameter. In contrast, at a velocity below the critical value, the wall vibration increased the amount of particles deposited on the wall. The critical condition for no particle layer formation under wall vibration was explained using a moment balance model

Development of measurement system for powder flowability based on vibrating capillary method

An automatic measurement system for evaluating powder flowability based on the vibrating capillary method has been studied experimentally. The vibration amplitude was controlled by a computer, and the vibration acceleration and the mass of particles discharged from the capillary were obtained by digital processing. The measurement time was 2 min and the amount of the powder required for each measurement was less than a few grams. To characterize the dynamic powder flowability, evaluation factors were developed. A series of experiments was conducted using powders with mass median diameters from 5.2 to 58.2 μm, showing that this measurement system can fully evaluate the powder flowability