Studies on reticuloendothelial system and hemato-poiesis, III. Relationship between differentiation of erythroblast and oxygen tension

For the purpose to clarify the control mechanism of erythroid cell differentiation, the author observed morphologic changes in bone-marrow cells and circulating red cells in phenylhydrazine anemia of rabbits by introducing a mass of red cells into vein at one time and reached the following conclusions. 1. After red cell transfusion in a mass to animal showing a marked hematopoietic activity, anisocytosis or macrocytosis becomes distinct with the appearance of big reticulocytes and red cells as large as four times the normal in volume. This suggests, judging from their volume, the accelerated denucleation of erythroblast as early as at the late basophilic stage. 2. Observations on bone marrow at this stage revealed the reduction in the number of erythroblasts of undifferentiated type with the increase of rather differentiated ones. In erythroid islet, undifferentiated cells are found surrounding a reticulum cell located in the center, while well differentiated ones in the outskirt area are situated near the sinusoid. Such a cell arrangement suggests that the erythroid cell requires a high oxygen tension for its differentiation. 3. From these observations and other results obtained from the studies on reticulocyte maturation and RNA synthesis of erythroblast, the author stresses that erythroid cells can differentiate as long as it is provided with a certain level of oxygen, even though it may develop m-RNA for differentiation. In other words, there should be two steps in the differentiation of erythroblast, the first is m-RNA synthesis induced by the information and the second is the somatic protein synthesis with oxygen supply. This seems to be directly connected to the control mechanism of hematopoiesis by oxygen.</p

Studies on reticuloendothelial system and hemaotpoiesis. I. Studies of extramedullary hematopoiesis

The author studied the hematopoietic disturbances of rabbit induced by saponin injection and drew the following conclusions: 1) By saponin injection, the structure of bone marrow is disintegrated and hematopoietic cells are released into the circulating blood forming extramedullary hematopietic foci mainly in liver and spleen. The main attacking point of saponin should be RES. Recovery of hematopoietic foci is associated with the recovery of RES. The most marked extramedullary hematopoiesis is found three days after the injection. Thereafter, bone-marrow hematopoiesis proceeds to recovery stage, during which hematopoietic foci in liver and spleen are preserved, especially those in spleen persist fairly for a long time. 2) Daily injections of India ink kept up over a long period of time after the treatment with saponin, prevent the recovery of anemia and bone-marrow hematopoiesis. The lymph nodes, whose RES escaped from the severe damage by India ink, keep the hematopoietic foci for a long time. 3) As far as hematopoiesis is concerned, there seems to be no functional differentiation among RE cells, though they seem to have a special function according to the organs to which they belong, e. g. antibody formation in lymph apparatus, hematopoiesis in bone marrow and red cell destruction in spleen.</p

Studies on reticuloendothelial system and hematopoiesis. II. A study on the morphology and function of erythroblastic islet

1. For the purpose to clarify the role of reticuloendothelial cells in the center of erythroblastic islet, the medullary and extramedullary erythropoietic foci in convalescence of phenylhydrazine arternia were observed by light and electron microscopies, and the mode of development of anemia in rabbit having blocked RES. 2. Light microscopic observations revealed the stimulated formation of erythroblastic islet in phenylhydrazine anemia. Electron microscopic observations revealed the rhopheocytotic vesicles in the membrane of erythroblast, some of which contained ferritin particles. 3. Repeated India ink injections induced anemia with RES damage by being heavily laden with soot particles. Color index of these animals was not reduced to the state of hypochromic anemia. Anemia is due to the damage of erythroidcell reproduction, but not due to the disturbed hemoglobin metabolism by the inhibited iron uptake. 4. From the results obtained the author concludes that the role of reticuloendothelial cell in islet is not to transfer ferritin to erythroblast but the reproduction of erythroid cells.</p

Longitudinal case study of fixed revenue accounting at a Japanese semiconductor distributor / Kenichi Suzuki, Kohsuke Matsuoka and Hiromune Ishii.

Fixed revenue accounting (FRA) is a management control system for relationship marketing strategy. Although FRA has been investigated among some Japanese companies since it was proposed in 2005, there has not been any study examining the effects FRA has on employees' awareness and behaviors based on longitudinal investigation. In this paper, we state a longitudinal case study about FRA at a Japanese semiconductor distributor during 2006–2014. We found that at Company A, only senior management used FRA to understand its strategy until 2012. After they became convinced FRA could guide relationship marketing, they started using FRA as a management control system in 2013 by binding it with its strategic plan and annual budgets. We interviewed with twelve core employees in 2014 and clarified that FRA motivated employees to accept relationship marketing strategy, deepened common understanding between departments, and facilitated an understanding of how to achieve goals

Histo-chemical and cytochemical studies on the succinic dehydroge-nase system with three ditetrazolium salts, NT, Nitro-NT, and Nitro-Bt

1. Histochemical and cytochemical studies with respect to the sites of reaction were made on the succinic dehydrogenase system activity of human and animal tissues using ditetrazolium salts, namely, neotetrazolium chloride, nitro-neotetrazolium chloride, and nitra-blue tetrazolium chloride. 2. The advantages and disadvantages of each ditetrazolium salt for histochemical and cytochemical purposes and the reaction taking place in frozen tissue sections and that in fresh tissue blocks were compared, and the method of procedure suitable for each condition was established with some modification. 3. Selecting conditions suitable for cytochemical purpose, it was shown that the reaction took place at the sites coinciding with mitochondria, and the distribution of the enzyme reaction was also examined. In addition, several new findings in the brains and other tissues cytochemically made clear were pointed out.</p