Plan de marketing: Un análisis exploratorio y documental sobre su aplicación en pequeñas empresas de Cuba. Caso GRAFICENTER

This research was developed in the GRAFICENTER organization, a small company belonging to the non-state sector dedicated to the commercialization of products and services related to the graphic arts in the municipality of Holguín. In the diagnosis made, it was found that there are difficulties that threaten the proper development of the business in terms of marketing management, so it was determined as an objective to develop a marketing plan that contributes to improving its management. As the main results of this work, a marketing plan was developed to provide the facility with an important tool to govern its commercial actions and help eliminate empiricism in its marketing management, as well as the analysis of various procedures related to the plans. of marketing. These results are achieved with the use of theoretical and empirical research methods among them; historical-logical, analysis and synthesis, unstructured interviews, document review, direct observation, and others.Esta investigación se desarrolló en la organización GRAFICENTER, pequeña empresa perteneciente al sector no estatal dedicada a la comercialización de productos y servicios relacionados con las artes gráficas en el municipio de Holguín. En el diagnóstico realizado, se encontró que existen dificultades que amenazan el adecuado desarrollo del negocio en cuanto a la gestión de comercialización, por lo que se determinó como objetivo desarrollar un plan de marketing que contribuya a mejorar su gestión. Como principales resultados de este trabajo, se elaboró un plan de marketing para dotar a la instalación de una importante herramienta para regir sus acciones comerciales y ayudar a eliminar el empirismo en su gestión de mercadotecnia, así como el análisis de varios procedimientos relacionados con los planes de marketing. Estos resultados se alcanzan con el uso de métodos de investigación teóricos y empíricos entre ellos; histórico–lógico, análisis y síntesis, entrevistas no estructuradas, revisión de documentos, observación directa y otros

Plan de marketing: Un análisis exploratorio y documental sobre su aplicación en pequeñas empresas de Cuba. Caso GRAFICENTER

This research was developed in the GRAFICENTER organization, a small company belonging to the non-state sector dedicated to the commercialization of products and services related to the graphic arts in the municipality of Holguín. In the diagnosis made, it was found that there are difficulties that threaten the proper development of the business in terms of marketing management, so it was determined as an objective to develop a marketing plan that contributes to improving its management. As the main results of this work, a marketing plan was developed to provide the facility with an important tool to govern its commercial actions and help eliminate empiricism in its marketing management, as well as the analysis of various procedures related to the plans. of marketing. These results are achieved with the use of theoretical and empirical research methods among them; historical-logical, analysis and synthesis, unstructured interviews, document review, direct observation, and others.Esta investigación se desarrolló en la organización GRAFICENTER, pequeña empresa perteneciente al sector no estatal dedicada a la comercialización de productos y servicios relacionados con las artes gráficas en el municipio de Holguín. En el diagnóstico realizado, se encontró que existen dificultades que amenazan el adecuado desarrollo del negocio en cuanto a la gestión de comercialización, por lo que se determinó como objetivo desarrollar un plan de marketing que contribuya a mejorar su gestión. Como principales resultados de este trabajo, se elaboró un plan de marketing para dotar a la instalación de una importante herramienta para regir sus acciones comerciales y ayudar a eliminar el empirismo en su gestión de mercadotecnia, así como el análisis de varios procedimientos relacionados con los planes de marketing. Estos resultados se alcanzan con el uso de métodos de investigación teóricos y empíricos entre ellos; histórico–lógico, análisis y síntesis, entrevistas no estructuradas, revisión de documentos, observación directa y otros

The risk of COVID-19 death is much greater and age dependent with type I IFN autoantibodies

International audienceSignificance There is growing evidence that preexisting autoantibodies neutralizing type I interferons (IFNs) are strong determinants of life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia. It is important to estimate their quantitative impact on COVID-19 mortality upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, by age and sex, as both the prevalence of these autoantibodies and the risk of COVID-19 death increase with age and are higher in men. Using an unvaccinated sample of 1,261 deceased patients and 34,159 individuals from the general population, we found that autoantibodies against type I IFNs strongly increased the SARS-CoV-2 infection fatality rate at all ages, in both men and women. Autoantibodies against type I IFNs are strong and common predictors of life-threatening COVID-19. Testing for these autoantibodies should be considered in the general population

The risk of COVID-19 death is much greater and age dependent with type I IFN autoantibodies

International audienceSignificance There is growing evidence that preexisting autoantibodies neutralizing type I interferons (IFNs) are strong determinants of life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia. It is important to estimate their quantitative impact on COVID-19 mortality upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, by age and sex, as both the prevalence of these autoantibodies and the risk of COVID-19 death increase with age and are higher in men. Using an unvaccinated sample of 1,261 deceased patients and 34,159 individuals from the general population, we found that autoantibodies against type I IFNs strongly increased the SARS-CoV-2 infection fatality rate at all ages, in both men and women. Autoantibodies against type I IFNs are strong and common predictors of life-threatening COVID-19. Testing for these autoantibodies should be considered in the general population

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide. Methods: A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study—a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3·85 [95% CI 2·58–5·75]; p<0·0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63·0% vs 82·7%; OR 0·35 [0·23–0·53]; p<0·0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer. Interpretation: Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised. Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research