Face Piercing (Body Art): Choosing Pleasure vs. Possible Pain and Posture Instability

Piercings (body art, i.e., with jewelry) are more and more widespread. They can induce various complications such as infections, allergies, headaches, and various skin, cartilage, or dental problems, and represent a public health problem. We draw attention to possible side effects resulting from face piercing complications observed on four young adults such as eye misalignment, decreased postural control efficiency, and non-specific chronic back pain with associated comorbidity. We found that the origin was pierced jewelry on the face. Removing the jewelry restored eye alignment, improved postural control, and alleviated back pain in a lasting way. We suggest that pierced facial jewelry can disturb somaesthetic signals driven by the trigeminal nerve, and thus interfere with central integration processes, notably in the cerebellum and the vestibular nucleus involved in postural control and eye alignment. Facial piercings could induce sensory–motor conflict, exacerbate, or precipitate a pre-existing undetermined conflict, which leads pain and complaints. These findings are significant for health; further investigations would be of interest

Incidence of Vertical Phoria on Postural Control During Binocular Vision: What Perspective for Prevention to Nonspecific Chronic Pain Management?

Vertical heterophoria (VH) is the latent vertical misalignment of the eyes when the retinal images are dissociated, vertical orthophoria (VO) when there is no misalignment. Studies on postural control, during binocular vision in upright stance, reported that healthy subjects with small VH vs. VO are less stable, but the experimental cancellation of VH with an appropriate prism improves postural stability. The same behavior was recorded in nonspecific chronic back pain subjects, all with VH. It was hypothesized that, without refraction problems, VH indicates a perturbation of the somaesthetic cues required in the sensorimotor loops involved in postural control and the capacity of the CNS to optimally integrate these cues, suggesting prevention possibilities. Sensorimotor conflict can induce pain and modify sensory perception in some healthy subjects; some nonspecific pain or chronic pain could result from such prolonged conflict in which VH could be a sign, with new theoretical and clinical implications

Delayed-Onset Hemolytic Anemia in Patients with Travel-Associated Severe Malaria Treated with Artesunate, France, 2011–2013

French Artesunate Working GroupInternational audienceArtesunate is the most effective treatment for severe malaria. However, delayed-onset hemolytic anemia has been observed in ≈20% of travelers who receive artesunate, ≈60% of whom require transfusion. This finding could discourage physicians from using artesunate. We prospectively evaluated a cohort of 123 patients in France who had severe imported malaria that was treated with artesunate; our evaluation focused on outcome, adverse events, and postartesunate delayed-onset hemolysis (PADH). Of the 123 patients, 6 (5%) died. Overall, 97 adverse events occurred. Among the 78 patients who received follow-up for >8 days after treatment initiation, 76 (97%) had anemia, and 21 (27%) of the 78 cases were recorded as PADH. The median drop in hemoglobin levels was 1.3 g/dL; 15% of patients with PADH had hemoglobin levels of <7 g/dL, and 1 required transfusion. Despite the high incidence of PADH, the resulting anemia remained mild in 85% of cases. This reassuring result confirms the safety and therapeutic benefit of artesunate

Prolonged Plasmodium falciparum Infection in Immigrants, Paris

Few immigrant travelers have Plasmodium falciparum infections >2 months after leaving malaria-endemic areas. We conducted a case–control study to identify factors associated with prolonged P. falciparum infection in immigrant travelers. Results suggest that P. falciparum infection should be systematically suspected, even months after travel, especially in pregnant women and first-arrival immigrants

Immunologic response in treatment-naïve HIV-2-infected patients:the IeDEA West Africa cohort

Introduction: Response to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among individuals infected with HIV-2 is poorly described. We compared the immunological response among patients treated with three nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) to boosted protease inhibitor (PI) and unboosted PI-based regimens in West Africa. Methods: This prospective cohort study enrolled treatment-naïve HIV-2-infected patients within the International Epidemiological Databases to Evaluate AIDS collaboration in West Africa. We used mixed models to compare the CD4 count response to treatment over 12 months between regimens. Results: Of 422 HIV-2-infected patients, 285 (67.5%) were treated with a boosted PI-based regimen, 104 (24.6%) with an unboosted PI-based regimen and 33 (7.8%) with three NRTIs. Treatment groups were comparable with regard to gender (54.5% female) and median age at ART initiation (45.3 years; interquartile range 38.3 to 51.8). Treatment groups differed by clinical stage (21.2%, 16.8% and 17.3% at CDC Stage C or World Health Organization Stage IV for the triple NRTI, boosted PI and unboosted PI groups, respectively, p=0.02), median length of follow-up (12.9, 17.7 and 44.0 months for the triple NRTI, the boosted PI and the unboosted PI groups, respectively, p<0.001) and baseline median CD4 count (192, 173 and 129 cells/µl in the triple NRTI, the boosted PI and the unboosted PI-based regimen groups, respectively, p=0.003). CD4 count recovery at 12 months was higher for patients treated with boosted PI-based regimens than those treated with three NRTIs or with unboosted PI-based regimens (191 cells/µl, 95% CI 142 to 241; 110 cells/µl, 95% CI 29 to 192; 133 cells/µl, 95% CI 80 to 186, respectively, p=0.004). Conclusions: In this observational study using African data, boosted PI-containing regimens had better immunological response compared to triple NRTI combinations and unboosted PI-based regimens at 12 months. A randomized clinical trial is still required to determine the best initial regimen for treating HIV-2 infected patients

Vertical Heterophoria and Postural Control in Nonspecific Chronic Low Back Pain

The purpose of this study was to test postural control during quiet standing in nonspecific chronic low back pain (LBP) subjects with vertical heterophoria (VH) before and after cancellation of VH; also to compare with healthy subjects with, and without VH. Fourteen subjects with LBP took part in this study. The postural performance was measured through the center of pressure displacements with a force platform while the subjects fixated on a target placed at either 40 or 200 cm, before and after VH cancellation with an appropriate prism. Their postural performance was compared to that of 14 healthy subjects with VH and 12 without VH (i.e. vertical orthophoria) studied previously in similar conditions. For LBP subjects, cancellation of VH with a prism improved postural performance. With respect to control subjects (with or without VH), the variance of speed of the center of pressure was higher, suggesting more energy was needed to stabilize their posture in quiet upright stance. Similarly to controls, LBP subjects showed higher postural sway when they were looking at a target at a far distance than at a close distance. The most important finding is that LBP subjects with VH can improve their performance after prism-cancellation of their VH. We suggest that VH reflects mild conflict between sensory and motor inputs involved in postural control i.e. a non optimal integration of the various signals. This could affect the performance of postural control and perhaps lead to pain. Nonspecific chronic back pain may results from such prolonged conflict

Postural Control during the Stroop Test in Dyslexic and Non Dyslexic Teenagers

Postural control in quiet stance although simple still requires some cognitive resources; dual cognitive tasks influence further postural control. The present study examines whether or not dyslexic teenagers experience postural instability when performing a Stroop dual task for which their performances are known to be poor. Fifteen dyslexics and twelve non-dyslexics (14 to 17 years old) were recruited from the same school. They were asked to perform three tasks: (1) fixate a target, (2) perform an interference Stroop test (naming the colour or the word rather than reading the word), (3) performing flexibility Stroop task: the subject performed the interference task as in (2) except when the word was in a box, in which case he had to read the word. Postural performances were measured with a force platform. The results showed a main task effect on the variance of speed of body sway only: such variance was higher in the flexibility task than for the other two tasks. No group effect was found for any of the parameters of posture (surface, mediolateral and anteroposterior sway, variance of speed). Further wavelet analysis in the time-frequency domain revealed an increase in the spectral power of the medium frequency range believed to be related to cerebellum control; an accompanying increase in the cancellation time of the high frequency band related to reflexive loops occurred for non-dyslexics only. These effects occurred for the flexibility task and could be due to its high cognitive difficulty. Dyslexics displayed shorter cancellation time for the medium frequency band for all tasks, suggesting less efficient cerebellar control, perhaps of eye fixation and attention influencing body sway. We conclude that there is no evidence for a primary posture deficit in 15 year old teenagers who come from the general population and who were recruited in schools

Incidence des phories verticales sur le contrôle postural en vision binoculaire

When the retinal images are dissociated, vertical heterophoria (VH) is the latent vertical misalignment of the eyes reduced via binocular vision mechanisms, and vertical orthophoria (VO) when there is no misalignment. Postural control in quiet upright stance requires the central integration of visual, vestibular and somesthetic inputs. The central nervous system performs appropriate coordinate transformations of these inputs and permanently generates muscular response adapted. Clinical observations reported a link between vertical phoria, chronic pain and qualitative balance test. Indeed, in patients with chronic pain (in the absence of neuropathy, rheumatism or repetitive strain injury) associated with VH, a specific proprioceptive physiotherapy acting on a certain part of the body (oropharynx, temporomandibular joint and/or pelvis) most of the time restored VO immediately, diminished pain, and normalized behaviour in the balance tests originally intended. The present thesis tests these clinical observations on postural stability during quiet upright stance while subjects fixate a target at either 40 or 200 cm. The first study shows that a VH experimentally induced in healthy young adult subjects by the insertion of a 2-diopter vertical prism (approximately one degree) influences postural stability, improving or principally impairing it, depending on the eye wearing the prism (i.e dominant or non-dominant) and the distance of the fixated target. We suggested that these effects could be due to the quality of the oculomotor response. The second study examines effects of ocular dominance on the vertical vergence induced by a same prism during standing. It shows that vertical vergence is stronger and excessive relative to the required value when the prism is on the non-dominant eye whatever distance, but more appropriate when the prism was on the dominant eye. The results suggest that sensory disparity process and vertical vergence responses are modulated by eye dominance. The third study deals with the quality of postural performance in healthy young adults with natural VH or with VO. Clearly, the subjects with VH are less stable. An additional study shows that the cancellation of VH with a prism improves postural stability. The fourth study tests postural performance in chronic back pain subjects with VH, compared to a control group. Painful subjects are less stable, and the cancellation of their VH by an appropriate prism enhances their postural stability. Thus, we speculate that VH, even when small in size, indicates a perturbation of the somesthetic cues required in the sensorimotor loops involved in postural control via the afferences and efferences from the cerebellum and its role of calibration. Vertical phoria could perhaps indicate the capacity of the central nervous system to integrate these cues optimally. It is known that sensorimotor conflict can induce pain and modify sensory perception in some healthy subjects; maybe non specific chronic back pain results from such prolonged conflict in which VH could be a sign, with new theoretical and clinical implications.En dissociant les images rétiniennes, une orthophorie et une hétérophorie verticales (OV et HV) correspondent respectivement à l'absence ou la présence d'une déviation de l'axe visuel verticalement, déviation annulée en vision binoculaire. Pour maintenir le corps en équilibre en position debout orthostatique, le SNC doit réaliser les transformations appropriées et coordonnées des informations visuelles, vestibulaires et somesthésiques, et générer en permanence les réponses musculaires adaptées. Des observations cliniques ont rapporté l'existence d'un lien entre phories verticales, douleurs chroniques et qualité du contrôle postural. Ce travail de thèse s'attache à tester ces observations cliniques sur la stabilité posturale orthostatique. La 1ère étude montre qu'une HV expérimentalement induite par un prisme vertical d'environ un degré, chez l'adulte jeune en bonne santé, influence la stabilité posturale, l'améliorant ou principalement la détériorant, dépendant de l'œil impliqué (i.e dominant ou non-dominant) et de la distance de fixation d'une cible. Nous suggérons que cet effet puisse être le fait de la qualité de la réponse oculomotrice. La 2e étude étudie l'effet de la dominance oculaire sur le mouvement de vergence verticale induit par ce même prisme lors de la station debout. Elle montre que les mouvements sont plus importants et excessifs par rapport à la déviation induite d'un degré lorsque le prisme est placé devant l'œil non-dominant quelle que soit la distance, et plus appropriés lorsque le prisme est placé devant l'œil dominant. Ces résultats suggèrent que les processus sensoriels, liés à la disparité induite et les réponses oculomotrices de vergence verticale, soient modulés par la dominance oculaire. La 3e étude investigue le comportement postural en termes de stabilité, toujours chez l'adulte jeune en bonne santé, selon la présence ou non d'une HV. Clairement, les sujets avec une HV sont moins stables. Une étude complémentaire montre qu'en annulant l'HV à l'aide d'un prisme approprié, la stabilité posturale est significativement améliorée. Une 4e étude traite de l'équilibre postural chez de jeunes adultes présentant des rachialgies chroniques non spécifiques associées à une HV, comparé à celui d'un groupe contrôle. Les sujets douloureux sont moins stables, et l'annulation de leurs HV par un prisme approprié renforce leur stabilité. Ainsi, l'HV, même minime, pourrait indiquer une perturbation au niveau d'informations somesthésiques impliquées dans les boucles sensorimotrices requises dans le contrôle postural via les afférences et efférences du cervelet et son rôle de calibration, les phories verticales indiqueraient alors la capacité du SNC à les intégrer de façon optimale. Il est connu que des conflits sensorimoteurs expérimentaux puissent induire des douleurs et modifier la perception sensorielle chez des sujets sains. Peut-être que des rachialgies chroniques non spécifiques résultent de tels conflits prolongés dont l'HV pourrait être un signe, ouvrant de nouvelles perspectives théoriques et cliniques