A kulturális turizmus fellegvára – Toscana

Ezen tanulmány célja, hogy betekintést nyújtson egy olaszországi régió, Toscana idegenforgalmi helyzetébe. Munkámban rá szeretnék világítani e terület főbb adottságaira, sikereire és ezek okaira, hiszen egy olyan európai tartományról van szó, ahol a kulturális turizmus virágzik, így kitűnő minta lehet egy feljövőben lévő magyarországi idegenforgalmi régió számára is. Toscana természet földrajzilag három szóval jellemezhető: tenger, dombok, hegyek. Véleményem szerint azonban legnagyobb értéke a kulturális emlékeiben, hagyományaiban keresendő, melyek a régmúlt után érdeklődő, hagyománytisztelő ember számára kincset jelentenek. Legfőbb adottságai közé olyan nagy múltú városok tartoznak, mint Pisa, Siena, Firenze, és a középkor „Manhattanjének” számító San Gimignano. A területen látható művészettörténeti alkotások, ritkaságok a régió sikereinek alapját képezik. Mindezeket kiegészítik a tradicionális rendezvények, a változatos kulináris élményeket nyújtó bor és gasztronómia. E hely utánozhatatlan hangulatát kettőssége adja: a vidékies atmoszféra a nyugalmat, a nagyvárosi pezsgés a hely dinamizmusát biztosítja

Molekuláris mechanizmusok vizsgálata a vestibularis rendszer fejlődése, regenerációja és plaszticitása során = Investigation of molecular mechanisms in the development, regeneration and plasticity of vestibular system

Csirkeembriók gerincvelőjében és agytörzsében kimutattuk, hogy a neuronok körüli, extracellularis matrixban (ECM) gazdag perineuronalis háló (PNN) az embrionális életben megjelenik, míg az emlősökben csak postnatalisan alakul ki. Ez arra utal, hogy a fészekhagyó madaraknál a kikeléskor megfigyelhető, koordinált mozgás hátterében álló neuronhálózat már az embrionális korban stabilizálódik. Leírtuk az ECM molekulák heterogén megoszlását a PNN-ben a vestibularis magokban, a kisagyban és a szemmozgató agyidegi magokban. A molekuláris heterogenitás magyarázhatja a neuronok eltérő viselkedését a regenerációs és a plaszticitási folyamataiban. A PNN békában csak hyaluronsavat (HA) tartalmaz, míg patkányban chondroitin szulfát proteoglycant (CSPG) is, ami összefüggésben lehet az alacsonyabbrendű élőlények idegrendszerének jelentős regenerációs képességével. A n. VIII. átvágása után kimutattuk, hogy a béka vestibularis magjaiban a HA, patkányban pedig a HA és a CSPG változása időbeli egyezést mutat kompenzációs folyamatokkal. A vestibularis rendszerhez tartozó neuronhálózatokban kimutattuk a vestibularis afferensek monoszinaptikus kapcsolatait és a neuronhálózatokban résztvevő motoneuronok közötti dendrodendritikus és dendroszomatikus kontaktusokat. Ezek a kapcsolatok képezhetik a morfológiai alapját a vestibularis ingerlést követő válaszok gyors és pontos kivitelezésének. Kvantitatív analízissel a patkány nucleus cochlearis dorsalisában azonosítottuk az óriás és a piramis sejteket. | Distribution pattern of extracellular matrix (ECM) showed that the perineuronal net (PNN), condensation of ECM around the neurons, appears in the spinal cord and brainstem of chicken embryos, contrary to the mammalian species. This finding suggests the early stabilization of neuronal circuit underlying the posture and gaze in the precocial birds. The heterogeneous molecular composition of ECM in the PNN of the vestibular nuclei, cerebellum and eye moving motoneurons may be responsible for the different degree of plasticity and regeneration of various parts of the central nervous system (CNS). The hyaluronan-rich and chondroitin sulfat proteoglycan-free PNN of the frog may be associated with the regeneration and plasticity of the frog CNS. Unilateral lesion of eighth cranial nerve is accompanied by the modification of ECM expression in the vestibular nuclei complex of the frog and rat. It was shown that the vestibular fibers establish monosynaptic contacts with the motoneurons of vestibular neuronal circuit. The dendrodendritic and dendrosomatic contacts between the motoneurons of vestibular neuronal circuits did not show any morphological specialization; the long membrane appositions may provide electrotonic interactions and subserve the morphological substrates of co-activation, synchronization and timing of muscle contraction upon body displacement. Giant and pyramidal cells of the dorsal cochlear nucleus were identified by using quantitative analysis of neurons

Distribution and classification of the extracellular matrix in the olfactory bulb

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Phosphorylated Histone 3 at Serine 10 Identifies Activated Spinal Neurons and Contributes to the Development of Tissue Injury-Associated Pain

Transcriptional changes in superficial spinal dorsal horn neurons (SSDHN) are essential in the development and maintenance of prolonged pain. Epigenetic mechanisms including post-translational mo difications in histones are pivotal in regulating transcription. Here, we report th at phosphorylation of serine 10 (S10) in histone 3 (H3) specifically occurs in a group of rat SSDHN following the activation of nociceptive primary sensory neurons by burn injury, capsaicin application or sustained electrical activation of nociceptive primary sensory nerve fibres. In contrast, brief thermal or mechanical nociceptive stimuli, which fail to induce tissue injury or inflammation, do not produce the same effect. Blocking N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors or activation of extracellular signa l-regulated kinases 1 and 2, or blocking or deleting the mitogen- and stress-activated kinases 1 and 2 (MSK1/2), which phosphorylate S10 in H3, inhibit up-regulation in phosphorylated S10 in H3 ( p - S10H3) as well as fos transcription, a down-stream effect of p -S10H3. Deleting MSK1/2 also inhibits the development of carrageenan-induced inflammatory heat hyperalgesia in mice. We propose that p -S10H3 is a novel marker for nociceptive processing in SSDHN with high relevance to transcriptional changes and the development of prolonged pain

Phosphorylated Histone 3 at Serine 10 Identifies Activated Spinal Neurons and Contributes to the Development of Tissue Injury-Associated Pain

Transcriptional changes in superficial spinal dorsal horn neurons (SSDHN) are essential in the development and maintenance of prolonged pain. Epigenetic mechanisms including post-translational modifications in histones are pivotal in regulating transcription. Here, we report that phosphorylation of serine 10 (S10) in histone 3 (H3) specifically occurs in a group of rat SSDHN following the activation of nociceptive primary sensory neurons by burn injury, capsaicin application or sustained electrical activation of nociceptive primary sensory nerve fibres. In contrast, brief thermal or mechanical nociceptive stimuli, which fail to induce tissue injury or inflammation, do not produce the same effect. Blocking N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors or activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, or blocking or deleting the mitogen- and stress-activated kinases 1 and 2 (MSK1/2), which phosphorylate S10 in H3, inhibit up-regulation in phosphorylated S10 in H3 (p-S10H3) as well as fos transcription, a down-stream effect of p-S10H3. Deleting MSK1/2 also inhibits the development of carrageenan-induced inflammatory heat hyperalgesia in mice. We propose that p-S10H3 is a novel marker for nociceptive processing in SSDHN with high relevance to transcriptional changes and the development of prolonged pain

Afferent projections of the trigeminal nerve in the goldfish, Carassius auratus

The horseradish peroxidase (HRP) histochemical technique was used to examine the peripheral distribution and afferent projections of the trigeminal nerve in the goldfish, Carassius auratus . Sensory fibers of the trigeminal nerve distribute over the head via four branches. The ophthalmic branch distributes fibers to the region above the eye and naris. The maxillary and mandibular branches innervate the regions of the upper and lower lip, respectively. A fourth branch of the trigeminal nerve was demonstrated to be present in the hyomandibular trunk. Upon entering the medulla the trigeminal afferent fibers divide into a rostromedially directed bundle and a caudally directed bundle. The rostromedially directed bundle terminates in the sensory trigeminal nucleus (STN) located within the rostral medulla. The majority of fibers turn caudally, forming the descending trigeminal tract. Fibers of the descending trigeminal tract terminate within three medullary nuclei: the nucleus of the descending trigeminal tract (NDTV), the spinal trigeminal nucleus (Spv), and the medial funicular nucleus (MFn). All projections, except for those to the MFn, are ipsilateral. Contralateral projections were observed at the level of the MFn following the labeling of the ophthalmic and maxillomandibular branches. All branches of the trigeminal nerve project to all four of the trigeminal medullary nuclei. Projections to the STN and MFn were found to be topographically organized such that the afferents of the ophthalmic branch project onto the ventral portion of these nuclei, while the afferents of the maxillo- and hyomandibular branches project to the dorsal portion of these nuclei. Cells of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus were retrogradely labeled following HRP application to the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular branches of the trigeminal nerve. In addition to demonstrating the ascending mesencephalic trigeminal root fibers, HRP application to the above-mentioned branches also revealed descending mesencephalic trigeminal fibers. The descending mesencephalic trigeminal fibers course caudally medial to the branchiomeric motor column and terminate in the ventromedial portion of the MFn.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/50283/1/1051980202_ftp.pd