409 research outputs found
Japan\u27s Foreigners\u27 Community from the View of the Statistics; A comparative study among cities and communities
Case Report SSRI Facilitated Crack Dancing
Choreoathetoid movement secondary to cocaine use is a well-documented phenomenon better known as "crack dancing." It consists of uncontrolled writhing movements secondary to excess dopamine from cocaine use. We present a 32-year-old male who had been using cocaine for many years and was recently started on paroxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) for worsening depression four weeks before presentation. He had been doing cocaine every 2 weeks for the last three years and had never "crack danced" before this episode. The authors have conducted a thorough literature review and cited studies that suggest "crack dancing" is associated with excess dopamine. There has never been a documented case report of an SSRI being linked with "crack dancing." The authors propose that the excess dopaminergic effect of the SSRI lowered the dopamine threshold for "crack dancing." There is a communication with the Raphe Nucleus and the Substantia Nigra, which explains how the SSRI increases dopamine levels. This is the first documented case of an SSRI facilitating the "crack dance."
Viral Small Interfering RNAs Target Host Genes to Mediate Disease Symptoms in Plants
The Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) Y-satellite RNA (Y-Sat) has a
small non-protein-coding RNA genome that induces yellowing symptoms in infected
Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco). How this RNA pathogen induces
such symptoms has been a longstanding question. We show that the yellowing
symptoms are a result of small interfering RNA (siRNA)-directed RNA silencing of
the chlorophyll biosynthetic gene, CHLI. The CHLI mRNA contains a 22-nucleotide
(nt) complementary sequence to the Y-Sat genome, and in Y-Sat-infected plants,
CHLI expression is dramatically down-regulated. Small RNA sequencing and
5′ RACE analyses confirmed that this 22-nt sequence was targeted for mRNA
cleavage by Y-Sat-derived siRNAs. Transformation of tobacco with a RNA
interference (RNAi) vector targeting CHLI induced Y-Sat-like symptoms. In
addition, the symptoms of Y-Sat infection can be completely prevented by
transforming tobacco with a silencing-resistant variant of the CHLI gene. These
results suggest that siRNA-directed silencing of CHLI is solely responsible for
the Y-Sat-induced symptoms. Furthermore, we demonstrate that two
Nicotiana species, which do not develop yellowing symptoms
upon Y-Sat infection, contain a single nucleotide polymorphism within the
siRNA-targeted CHLI sequence. This suggests that the previously observed species
specificity of Y-Sat-induced symptoms is due to natural sequence variation in
the CHLI gene, preventing CHLI silencing in species with a mismatch to the Y-Sat
siRNA. Taken together, these findings provide the first demonstration of small
RNA-mediated viral disease symptom production and offer an explanation of the
species specificity of the viral disease
Wound-induced rgs-CaM gets ready for counterresponse to an early stage of viral infection
The involvement of public health nurses improving awareness and behavior of local residents for disaster prevention and mitigation
journal articl
Taste recognition through tarsal gustatory sensilla potentially important for host selection in leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Screening and analysis of genes expressed upon infection of broad bean with Clover yellow vein virus causing lethal necrosis
Clover yellow vein virus (ClYVV) causes lethal systemic necrosis in legumes, including broad bean (Vicia faba) and pea (Pisum sativum). To identify host genes involved in necrotic symptom expression after ClYVV infection, we screened cDNA fragments in which expression was changed in advance of necrotic symptom expression in broad bean (V. faba cv. Wase) using the differential display technique and secondarily with Northern blot analysis. Expression changes were confirmed in 20 genes, and the six that exhibited the most change were analyzed further. These six genes included a gene that encodes a putative nitrate-induced NOI protein (VfNOI), and another was homologous to an Arabidopsis gene that encodes a glycine- and proline-rich protein GPRP (VfGPRP). We recently reported that necrotic symptom development in ClYVV-infected pea is associated with expression of salicylic acid (SA)-dependent pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and requires SA-dependent host responses. Interestingly, VfNOI and VfGPRP expression was correlated with that of the putative SA-dependent PR proteins in ClYVV-infected broad bean. However, broad bean infected with a recombinant ClYVV expressing the VfGPRP protein showed weaker symptoms and less viral multiplication than that infected with ClYVV expressing the GFP protein. These results imply that VfGPRP plays a role in defense against ClYVV rather than in necrotic symptom expression
The cucumovirus 2b gene drives selection of inter-viral recombinants affecting the crossover site, the acceptor RNA and the rate of selection
RNA–RNA recombination is an important pathway in virus evolution and has been described for many viruses. However, the factors driving recombination or promoting the selection of recombinants are still unclear. Here, we show that the small movement protein (2b) was able to promote selection of RNA 1/2–RNA 3 recombinants within a chimeric virus having RNAs 1 and 2 from cucumber mosaic virus, and RNA 3 from the related tomato aspermy virus, along with heterologous 2b genes. The source of the 2b also determined the selection of the acceptor RNA and the crossover site, as well as affecting the rate of selection of the recombinant RNAs. The nature of the RNA 3 also influenced the selection of the recombinant RNAs. A 163-nt tandem repeat in RNA 3 significantly affected the rate of selection of the recombinant RNA, while a single nucleotide within the repeat affected the crossover site. The recombination occurred in a non-random manner, involved no intermediates and probably was generated via a copy-choice mechanism during (+) strand RNA synthesis
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