Venting of a separate CO2-rich gas phase from submarine arc volcanoes: Examples from the Mariana and Tonga-Kermadec arcs

Submersible dives on 22 active submarine volcanoes on the Mariana and Tonga-Kermadec arcs have discovered systems on six of these volcanoes that, in addition to discharging hot vent fluid, are also venting a separate CO2-rich phase either in the form of gas bubbles or liquid CO2 droplets. One of the most impressive is the Champagne vent site on NW Eifuku in the northern Mariana Arc, which is discharging cold droplets of liquid CO2 at an estimated rate of 23 mol CO2/s, about 0.1% of the global mid-ocean ridge (MOR) carbon flux. Three other Mariana Arc submarine volcanoes (NW Rota-1, Nikko, and Daikoku), and two volcanoes on the Tonga-Kermadec Arc (Giggenbach and Volcano-1) also have vent fields discharging CO2-rich gas bubbles. The vent fluids at these volcanoes have very high CO2 concentrations and elevated C/3He and δ 13C (CO2) ratios compared to MOR systems, indicating a contribution to the carbon flux from subducted marine carbonates and organic material. Analysis of the CO2 concentrations shows that most of the fluids are undersaturated with CO2. This deviation from equilibrium would not be expected for pressure release degassing of an ascending fluid saturated with CO2. Mechanisms to produce a separate CO2-rich gas phase at the seafloor require direct injection of magmatic CO2-rich gas. The ascending CO2-rich gas could then partially dissolve into seawater circulating within the volcano edifice without reaching equilibrium. Alternatively, an ascending high-temperature, CO2-rich aqueous fluid could boil to produce a CO2-rich gas phase and a CO2-depleted liquid. These findings indicate that carbon fluxes from submarine arcs may be higher than previously estimated, and that experiments to estimate carbon fluxes at submarine arc volcanoes are merited. Hydrothermal sites such as these with a separate gas phase are valuable natural laboratories for studying the effects of high CO2 concentrations on marine ecosystems

Measuring the Effect of USCG Port Security Advisory Notices On Trade and Port Security Procedures

Overview: The United States Coast Guard’s International Port Security (IPS) Program is the primary port security assessment office and was established in 2003 as part of the U.S. Maritime Transportation Security Act (MTSA) to reduce risks to U.S. ports and ships, and to the entire maritime transport system. Through the assessment of International Ship and Port Facility Security Code implementation and other measures in foreign ports, the International Port Security Program can determine whether or not there is a reasonable and acceptable level of port security at any given foreign port. This report is comprised of qualitative and quantitative research along with two case studies that compare and contrast two countries and/or ports that either succeeded or failed in complying with this program and received a Port Security Advisory (PSA). Hypothesis: Port Security Advisories (PSA) are issued when a port does not meet the International Port Security Program code. They are an instrument to build and sustain port security practices and improvements. PSAs can give standard regulations for those who use ports in compliance with a PSA as well as create maritime security protocols for other countries that do not have strong port standards. As for the economic impacts, there can be both positive and negative factors depending on the country and the situation. However, we hypothesize that overall, PSAs do not significantly influence a country’s volume of trade. Due to non-compliant countries in reporting, there is no discernable method for tracking or ensuring restrictions. Methodology: We will observe quantitative measures of trade to identify negative impacts associated with the issuance of PSAs. We will also look at quantitative data to identify positive impacts associated with PSAs. We will be using USCG’s HOMEPORT website to identify the PSAs and use COMTRADE to examine trade both before and after a PSA was issued. Trade will be compared to similar countries, those which have not received a PSA. Lastly, we will go over local and regional factors and determine what is currently working and what needs to be improved. Conclusions: Our conclusion is that as a system the PSA process is not necessary an influence on trade. There may be correlations between countries with PSAs issued and changes in trade but there are a myriad of other factors that can impact this making the current methodology less than definitive. There also may be certain countries and/or ports where the correlation appears stronger (See Case Study #1); but overall, our conclusion is that PSAs have a negligible impact on a country receiving them in influencing their volume of trade

Biomarker-guided implementation of the KDIGO guidelines to reduce the occurrence of acute kidney injury in patients after cardiac surgery (PrevAKI-multicentre): protocol for a multicentre, observational study followed by randomised controlled feasibility trial

Introduction Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent complication after cardiac surgery with adverse short-term and long-term outcomes. Although prevention of AKI (PrevAKI) is strongly recommended, the optimal strategy is uncertain. The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guideline recommended a bundle of supportive measures in high-risk patients. In a single-centre trial, we recently demonstrated that the strict implementation of the KDIGO bundle significantly reduced the occurrence of AKI after cardiac surgery. In this feasibility study, we aim to evaluate whether the study protocol can be implemented in a multicentre setting in preparation for a large multicentre trial. Methods and analysis We plan to conduct a prospective, observational survey followed by a randomised controlled, multicentre, multinational clinical trial including 280 patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. The purpose of the observational survey is to explore the adherence to the KDIGO recommendations in routine clinical practice. The second phase is a randomised controlled trial. The objective is to investigate whether the trial protocol is implementable in a large multicentre, multinational setting. The primary endpoint of the interventional part is the compliance rate with the protocol. Secondary endpoints include the occurrence of any AKI and moderate/severe AKI as defined by the KDIGO criteria within 72 hours after surgery, renal recovery at day 90, use of renal replacement therapy (RRT) and mortality at days 30, 60 and 90, the combined endpoint major adverse kidney events consisting of persistent renal dysfunction, RRT and mortality at day 90 and safety outcomes

Methane release from gas hydrates in the Rock Garden of the Hikurangi margin, New Zealand

Dissolved methane and high resolution bathymetry surveys were conducted over the Rock Garden region of Ritchie Ridge, along the Hikurangi margin, eastern New Zealand. Multibeam bathymetry reveals two prominent, northeast trending ridges, parallel to subduction along the margin, that are steep sided and extensively slumped. Elevated concentrations of methane (up to 10 nM, 10× background) within the water column are associated with a slump structure at the southern end of Eastern Rock Garden. The anomalous methane concentrations were detected by a methane sensor (METS) attached to a conductivity‐temperature‐depth‐optical backscatter device (CTDO) and are associated with elevated light scattering and flare‐shaped backscatter signals revealed by the ship's echo sounder. Increased particulate matter in the water column, possibly related to the seepage and/or higher rates of erosion near slump structures, is considered to be the cause of the increased light scattering, rather than bubbles in the water column. Methane concentrations calculated from the METS are in good agreement with concentrations measured by gas chromatography in water samples collected at the same time. However, there is a c. 20 min (c. 900 m) delay in the METS signal reaching maximum CH4 concentrations. The maximum methane concentration occurs near the plateau of Eastern Rock Garden close to the edge of a slump, at 610 m below sea level (mbsl). This is close to the depth (c. 630 mbsl) where a bottom simulating reflector (BSR) pinches out at the seafloor. Fluctuating water temperatures observed in previous studies indicate that the stability zone for pure methane hydrate in the ocean varies between 630 and 710 mbsl. However, based on calculations of the geothermal gradients from BSRs, we suggest gas hydrate in the study area to be more stable than hydrate from pure methane in sea water, moving the phase boundary in the ocean upward. Small fractions of additional higher order hydrocarbon gases are the most likely cause for increased hydrate stability. Relatively high methane concentrations have been measured down to c. 1000 mbsl, most likely in response to sediment slumping caused by gas hydrate destabilisation of the sediments and/or marking seepage through the gas hydrate zone

The Effect of Arc Proximity on Hydrothermal Activity Along Spreading Centers: New Evidence From the Mariana Back Arc (12.7°N-18.3°N)

Back-arc spreading centers (BASCs) form a distinct class of ocean spreading ridges distinguished by steep along-axis gradients in spreading rate and by additional magma supplied through subduction. These characteristics can affect the population and distribution of hydrothermal activity on BASCs compared to mid-ocean ridges (MORs). To investigate this hypothesis, we comprehensively explored 600 km of the southern half of the Mariana BASC. We used water column mapping and seafloor imaging to identify 19 active vent sites, an increase of 13 over the current listing in the InterRidge Database (IRDB), on the bathymetric highs of 7 of the 11 segments. We identified both high and low (i.e., characterized by a weak or negligible particle plume) temperature discharge occurring on segment types spanning dominantly magmatic to dominantly tectonic. Active sites are concentrated on the two southernmost segments, where distance to the adjacent arc is shortest (48 mm/yr), and tectonic extension is pervasive. Re-examination of hydrothermal data from other BASCs supports the generalization that hydrothermal site density increases on segments <90 km from an adjacent arc. Although exploration quality varies greatly among BASCs, present data suggest that, for a given spreading rate, the mean spatial density of hydrothermal activity varies little between MORs and BASCs. The present global database, however, may be misleading. On both BASCs and MORs, the spatial density of hydrothermal sites mapped by high-quality water-column surveys is 2–7 times greater than predicted by the existing IRDB trend of site density versus spreading rate

Untersuchungen zur römischen Gelagekultur : am Beispiel der Gartentriclinia und Wandmalereien mit Darstellungen von convivia in Pompeji

Nach Ausweis der Schriftquellen war das convivium ein wichtiger Aspekt der römischen Alltagskultur. Im Focus der Arbeit steht das convivium im Freien in Pompeji. Anhand der Gegenüberstellung des Baubefunds einschließlich der Ausstattung und Kleinfunde und der relevanten Wandmalereien vor Ort wird der Frage nachgegangen, inwieweit sich die Aussagen der Schriftquellen und Wandmalereien mit dem gelebten Alltag decken und welche Schlußfolgerungen für das Gesamtverständnis der römischen Gelagekultur zu ziehen sind

Sachbericht zum Verwendungsnachweis

Jugendmedienschutz durch KI-basierte Altersverifikation (Video-basiertes Auto-Ident-Verfahren) in Echtzeit mit Post-Quanten-sicherem Schutz der biometrischen Daten nach ISO/IEC IS 24745. Ein Anwendungsbeispiel, wie mit Künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) und Post-Quanten-Kryptografie, Kinder vor entwicklungs- und jugendgefährdenden Online-Angeboten aus dem Internet geschützt werden können. Datei-Upload durch TI

Tectonic and magmatic controls on hydrothermal activity in the Woodlark Basin

The Woodlark Basin is one of the rare places on earth where the transition from continental breakup to seafloor spreading can be observed. The potential juxtaposition of continental rocks, a large magmatic heat source, crustal-scale faulting, and hydrothermal circulation has made the Woodlark Basin a prime target for seafloor mineral exploration. However, over the past 20 years, only two locations of active hydrothermalism had been found. In 2009 we surveyed 435 km of the spreading axis for the presence of hydrothermal plumes. Only one additional plume was found, bringing the total number of plumes known over 520 km of ridge axis to only 3, much less than at ridges with similar spreading rates globally. Particularly the western half of the basin (280 km of axis) is apparently devoid of high temperature plumes despite having thick crust and a presumably high magmatic budget. This paucity of hydrothermal activity may be related to the peculiar tectonic setting at Woodlark, where repeated ridge jumps and a re-location of the rotation pole both lead to axial magmatism being more widely distributed than at many other, more mature and stable mid-ocean ridges. These factors could inhibit the development of both a stable magmatic heat source and the deeply penetrating faults needed to create long-lived hydrothermal systems. We conclude that large seafloor massive sulfide deposits, potential targets for seafloor mineral exploration, will probably not be present along the spreading axis of the Woodlark Basin, especially in its younger, western portion

A comparison of root canal preparation with hand instrumentation and the dynatrak system

Partly colored photographs included.Thesis (M.Sc.D.)--Boston University, Henry M. Goldman School of Graduate Dentistry, 1982 (Endodontics)Bibliography: leaves 190-207.The purpose of this study is to investigate the thoroughness and efficacy of root canal preparation using a newly marketed engine powered system. Hand manipulation with serial reaming and filing and Gates Glidden drills will also be performed on extracted teeth to provide for a comparison of the two techniques

Psychische Beeinträchtigung und Emotionsregulation unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von MigränepatientInnen

Ziel dieser Querschnittuntersuchung war es, den Zusammenhang zwischen psychischen Beeinträchtigungen und Emotionsregulation bei 117 Migränepatienten und 209 Personen ohne Migräne zu untersuchen. Dabei kamen folgende Erhebungsinstrumente zur Anwendung: ein soziodemographischer und krankheitsbezogener Fragebogen, das Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), das Emotionsregulations-Inventar (ERI), das Beck-Depressions-Inventar (BDI) und die Symptom-Checkliste (SCL-90-R). Zur Vorhersage des Ausmaßes an Depressivität, Ängstlichkeit und der globalen psychischen Belastung bei Migränepatienten hatte die Emotionsregulationsskala Ablenkung von positiven Gefühlen (ERI) den wichtigsten Einfluss. Auch konnten migränespezifische Variablen mit signifikantem Einfluss identifiziert werden: bei Depressivität die Anzahl der Tage, die seit der letzen Migräneattacke vergangen waren, und bei der globalen psychischen Belastung zusätzlich die Anzahl der Jahre seit Beginn der Migräne. Die von Gross und John (2003) identifizierten Zusammenhänge zwischen Emotionsregulation und psychischer Beeinträchtigung durch Depression konnten in vorliegender Studie mittels Korrelationen zwischen Depressivität (BDI) und den Skalen des ERQ (Umbewertung und Unterdrückung) bzw. und der ERI-Skala kontrollierter Ausdruck negativer Gefühle gezeigt werden, jedoch nur für die Nicht-Migränegruppe. Depressive Personen wiesen höhere Werte in der Unterdrückung sowie geringere Werte im kontrollierten Ausdruck negativer Gefühle und der Umbewertung auf. Ebenso konnte ein signifikanter Zusammenhang bei der Nicht-Migränestichprobe zwischen Ängstlichkeit und den Emotionsregulationsskalen Unterdrückung (ERQ) sowie Ablenkung und emphatische Unterdrückung bei positiven Emotionen (ERI) gezeigt werden, wobei hier jeweils hohe Werte in den Skalen mit einer hohen Ängstlichkeit einhergingen. Einen signifikanten Beitrag zur Vorhersage der globalen psychischen Belastung hatten bei der Nicht-Migräne- und bei der Migränestichprobe die ERQ-Skalen (Umbewertung und Unterdrückung), die ERI-Skalen PE unkontrollierter Ausdruck und Ablenkung von positiven Gefühlen. Zusammenfassend konnte ein relevanter Zusammenhang zwischen Emotionsregulation und psychischer Beeinträchtigung bei der Nicht-Migränestichprobe aufgezeigt werden.This cross-section study aimed to investigate the association between psychological burden and the regulation of emotions in 117 patients suffering from migraine and for 209 participants without migraine. The measures implemented in this study were a socio-demographic and disease-specific questionnaire, the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), the Emotion Regulation Inventory (ERI), the Beck-Depression-Inventory (BDI) and the Symptom-Checklist (SCL-90-R). For migraine sufferers the most useful predictor for depressiveness, anxiety and global psychological burden was the emotion regulation scale distraction from positive emotions (ERI). Migraine-specific variables could also be identified as having considerable influence: Concerning depressiveness it was the number of days since the last migraine attack and for global psychological burden it additionally was the number of years since the first onset of migraine. The hypothesized relation of emotion regulation and depression (Gross & John, 2003) was also identified in the present study, but only for the non-migraine participants. Depressiveness (BDI) significantly negatively correlated with the reappraisal scale (ERQ) and the controlled expression of negative emotions (ERI) and positively correlated with the suppression scale (ERQ). However, significant correlations between anxiety and the regulation of emotions were only found for the non-migraine group. Participants with a high level of anxiety (SCL-90-R) achieved a higher suppression score (ERQ) and higher scores of controlled expression and emphatic suppression of positive emotions (ERI). Moreover, the ERQ scales reappraisal and suppression as well as the ERI scales uncontrolled expression of positive emotions and the scale distraction from positive emotions proved to be significant predictors for the global psychological burden (SCL-90-R, extreme groups: high and very high vs. no global psychological burden, for migraine sufferers and non-migraine participants). The present study shows relevant associations between emotion regulation and psychological burden for participants without migraine