Électroencéphalographie, fonctions sensori-motrices et profil cognitif associés au trouble de comportement en sommeil paradoxal

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Sleep habits, academic performance, and the adolescent brain structure

Here we report the first and most robust evidence about how sleep habits are associated with regional brain grey matter volumes and school grade average in early adolescence. Shorter time in bed during weekdays, and later weekend sleeping hours correlate with smaller brain grey matter volumes in frontal, anterior cingulate, and precuneus cortex regions. Poor school grade average associates with later weekend bedtime and smaller grey matter volumes in medial brain regions. The medial prefrontal anterior cingulate cortex appears most tightly related to the adolescents' variations in sleep habits, as its volume correlates inversely with both weekend bedtime and wake up time, and also with poor school performance. These findings suggest that sleep habits, notably during the weekends, have an alarming link with both the structure of the adolescent brain and school performance, and thus highlight the need for informed interventions.Peer reviewe

Differential predictors for alcohol use in adolescents as a function of familial risk

Abstract: Traditional models of future alcohol use in adolescents have used variable-centered approaches, predicting alcohol use from a set of variables across entire samples or populations. Following the proposition that predictive factors may vary in adolescents as a function of family history, we used a two-pronged approach by first defining clusters of familial risk, followed by prediction analyses within each cluster. Thus, for the first time in adolescents, we tested whether adolescents with a family history of drug abuse exhibit a set of predictors different from adolescents without a family history. We apply this approach to a genetic risk score and individual differences in personality, cognition, behavior (risk-taking and discounting) substance use behavior at age 14, life events, and functional brain imaging, to predict scores on the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) at age 14 and 16 in a sample of adolescents (N = 1659 at baseline, N = 1327 at follow-up) from the IMAGEN cohort, a longitudinal community-based cohort of adolescents. In the absence of familial risk (n = 616), individual differences in baseline drinking, personality measures (extraversion, negative thinking), discounting behaviors, life events, and ventral striatal activation during reward anticipation were significantly associated with future AUDIT scores, while the overall model explained 22% of the variance in future AUDIT. In the presence of familial risk (n = 711), drinking behavior at age 14, personality measures (extraversion, impulsivity), behavioral risk-taking, and life events were significantly associated with future AUDIT scores, explaining 20.1% of the overall variance. Results suggest that individual differences in personality, cognition, life events, brain function, and drinking behavior contribute differentially to the prediction of future alcohol misuse. This approach may inform more individualized preventive interventions

Differential predictors for alcohol use in adolescents as a function of familial risk

Abstract: Traditional models of future alcohol use in adolescents have used variable-centered approaches, predicting alcohol use from a set of variables across entire samples or populations. Following the proposition that predictive factors may vary in adolescents as a function of family history, we used a two-pronged approach by first defining clusters of familial risk, followed by prediction analyses within each cluster. Thus, for the first time in adolescents, we tested whether adolescents with a family history of drug abuse exhibit a set of predictors different from adolescents without a family history. We apply this approach to a genetic risk score and individual differences in personality, cognition, behavior (risk-taking and discounting) substance use behavior at age 14, life events, and functional brain imaging, to predict scores on the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) at age 14 and 16 in a sample of adolescents (N = 1659 at baseline, N = 1327 at follow-up) from the IMAGEN cohort, a longitudinal community-based cohort of adolescents. In the absence of familial risk (n = 616), individual differences in baseline drinking, personality measures (extraversion, negative thinking), discounting behaviors, life events, and ventral striatal activation during reward anticipation were significantly associated with future AUDIT scores, while the overall model explained 22% of the variance in future AUDIT. In the presence of familial risk (n = 711), drinking behavior at age 14, personality measures (extraversion, impulsivity), behavioral risk-taking, and life events were significantly associated with future AUDIT scores, explaining 20.1% of the overall variance. Results suggest that individual differences in personality, cognition, life events, brain function, and drinking behavior contribute differentially to the prediction of future alcohol misuse. This approach may inform more individualized preventive interventions

Processus d’élaboration de la nouvelle Stratégie québécoise numérique en prévention du suicide : Suicide.ca

Au Québec, près de 3 personnes s’enlèvent la vie chaque jour, et ce, même si l’on observe une baisse depuis les années 2000. Plusieurs acteurs institutionnels et communautaires sont engagés dans la prévention du suicide et plusieurs initiatives ont permis de contribuer à la réduction des taux de suicide. Malgré le travail intense, des efforts supplémentaires sont nécessaires afin d’intensifier l’offre de services et l’accès aux ressources et mieux rejoindre les personnes vulnérables au suicide non rejointes par les services actuels. Depuis de nombreuses années, plusieurs pays ont mis en place des technologies numériques pour mieux atteindre ces personnes. Au Québec, un certain retard dans l’utilisation des technologies numériques en prévention du suicide était observé. C’est dans ce contexte que le ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux a mandaté l’Association québécoise de prévention du suicide (AQPS) pour développer une Stratégie numérique en prévention du suicide (SNPS). Dès le début des travaux, l’AQPS a souhaité ancrer le développement de la SNPS dans un processus de prise de décisions fondée sur des preuves scientifiques, contextuelles et expérientielles. Un processus, issu de la science de l’implantation, a ainsi été mis en place afin d’actualiser cette intention. La science de l’implantation est définie comme la science favorisant la mise en oeuvre de programmes en contexte réel. Elle est reconnue comme contribuant au succès de l’implantation de nouveaux programmes tout en favorisant une évaluation rigoureuse de leurs impacts et retombées.Objectifs Cet article vise à : 1) présenter le processus qui a été mis en place pour faciliter l’élaboration, l’implantation et l’évaluation de la SNPS ; 2) décrire le modèle d’action ainsi que la SNPS.Méthodologie Le cadre de référence Knowledge to action (KTA) est au coeur de la conception, de l’implantation et de l’évaluation de la SNPS. Ce cadre propose un processus cyclique en 7 phases itératives qui comportent chacune des aspects méthodologiques et des collectes de données.Résultats La section résultats illustre les actions concrètes réalisées pour chacune des phases du processus KTA et les faits saillants qui se dégagent de l’analyse des données collectées. Cette section présente également la SNPS.Conclusion Les conditions optimales pour favoriser l’implantation de la SNPS, son utilisation et sa pérennisation ont été mises en place. L’implantation en cours et l’évaluation d’implantation et des retombées de cette dernière permettront d’apprécier la capacité de la SNPS à atteindre ses principales finalités : informer à propos du suicide, repérer les personnes suicidaires, augmenter la visibilité de certaines ressources et offrir de l’aide aux personnes suicidaires qui répondent moins bien aux ressources traditionnelles.In Quebec, nearly 3 persons still take their own lives every day, even though this number has been declining since 2000. Several institutional and community actors are involved in suicide prevention and several initiatives have contributed to the reduction of suicide rates. Despite this hard work, additional efforts are needed to intensify service offers and resource access to better reach people at risk of suicide not reached by actual services. For many years, several countries have been implementing digital technologies to reach them. In Quebec, there were delays in adoption of digital technologies for suicide prevention. In this context, the Health and Social services Ministry mandated Association québécoise de prévention du suicide (AQPS) to develop a Digital Strategy for Suicide Prevention (DSPS). From the beginning, AQPS wanted to anchor DSPS’s development in a decision-making process based on scientific, contextual and experiential evidence. A process, derived from implementation science, was therefore put in place to actualize this intent. Implementation science is defined as the science of implementing programs in real-world settings. It is recognized as contributing to the successful implementation of new programs while promoting a rigorous evaluation of their impacts and outcomes.Objectives This article aims to: 1) present the process that was put in place to facilitate DSPS design, implementation, and evaluation; and 2) describe the DSPS action model and the DSPS.Method The Knowledge to Action (KTA) framework is central to the design, implementation, and evaluation of DSPS. This framework proposes a cyclical process in 7 iterative phases, each with its own methodological aspects and data collectionsResults The results section illustrates the concrete actions taken at each phase of the KTA process and the highlights that emerge from the analysis of the data collected. This section also presents the DSPS.Conclusion Optimal conditions to promote the implementation of DSPS, its use and its sustainability have been put in place. The current implementation and evaluation of this implementation and its impacts will allow to assess the capacity of DSPS to achieve its main objectives: to provide information about suicide, to identify suicidal individuals, to increase the visibility of resources, and to offer help to suicidal individuals who respond less to traditional resources

Longitudinal associations between adolescent catch-up sleep, white-matter maturation and internalizing problems

International audienceSleep is an important contributor for neural maturation and emotion regulation during adolescence, with long-term effects on a range of white matter tracts implicated in affective processing in at-risk populations. We investigated the effects of adolescent sleep patterns on longitudinal changes in white matter development and whether this is related to the emergence of emotional (internalizing) problems. Sleep patterns and internalizing problems were assessed using self-report questionnaires in adolescents recruited in the general population followed up from age 14-19 years (N = 111 White matter structure was measured using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and estimated using fractional anisotropy (FA). We found that longitudinal increases in time in bed (TIB) on weekends and increases in TIB-variability between weekdays to weekend, were associated with an increase in FA in various interhemispheric and cortico-striatal tracts. Extracted FA values from left superior longitudinal fasciculus mediated the relationship between increases in TIB on weekends and a decrease in internalizing problems. These results imply that while insufficient sleep might have potentially harmful effects on long-term white matter development and internalizing problems, longer sleep duration on weekends (catch-up sleep) might be a natural counteractive and protective strategy

Chronotype, Longitudinal Volumetric Brain Variations Throughout Adolescence, and Depressive Symptom Development

International audienceAdolescence is a critical period for circadian rhythm, with a strong shift toward eveningness around age 14. Also, eveningness in adolescence has been found to predict later onset of depressive symptoms. However, no previous study has investigated structural variations associated with chronotype in early adolescence and how this adds to the development of depressive symptoms

Whole-brain gray matter maturation trajectories associated with autistic traits from adolescence to early adulthood

International audienceAbstract A growing number of evidence supports a continued distribution of autistic traits in the general population. However, brain maturation trajectories of autistic traits as well as the influence of sex on these trajectories remain largely unknown. We investigated the association of autistic traits in the general population, with longitudinal gray matter (GM) maturation trajectories during the critical period of adolescence. We assessed 709 community-based adolescents (54.7% women) at age 14 and 22. After testing the effect of sex, we used whole-brain voxel-based morphometry to measure longitudinal GM volumes changes associated with autistic traits measured by the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) total and sub-scores. In women, we observed that the SRS was associated with slower GM volume decrease globally and in the left parahippocampus and middle temporal gyrus. The social communication sub-score correlated with slower GM volume decrease in the left parahippocampal, superior temporal gyrus, and pallidum; and the social cognition sub-score correlated with slower GM volume decrease in the left middle temporal gyrus, the right ventromedial prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex. No longitudinal association was found in men. Autistic traits in young women were found to be associated with specific brain trajectories in regions of the social brain and the reward circuit known to be involved in Autism Spectrum Disorder. These findings support both the hypothesis of an earlier GM maturation associated with autistic traits in adolescence and of protective mechanisms in women. They advocate for further studies on brain trajectories associated with autistic traits in women