UJI FITOKIMIA EKSTRAK ETANOL BUNGA POHON HUJAN (Spathodea campanulata) SECARA IN VITRO

Pohon hujan (Spathodea campanulata) merupakan tumbuhan yang tersebar diberbagai Negara tropis salah satunya ialah Indonesia. Selama ini tumbuhan Spathodea campanulata digunakan sebagai pengobatan tradisional oleh masyarakat. Berdasarkan tinjauan literatur tumbuhan ini mengandung banyak senyawa aktif yang berpotensi sebagai bioaktivitas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui senyawa metabolit sekunder yang terdapat pada bunga pohon hujan (Spathodea campanulata) yang sudah mekar dan bunga pohon hujan (Spathodea campanulata) yang masih kuncup. Sampel pada penelitian ini diperoleh dari Kota Malino, Kab. Gowa yang kemudian dilakukan skrining fitokimia. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian yaitu ditemukannya senyawa metabolit sekunder flavonoid, alkaloid, terpenoid dan tanin pada kedua sampel yang diujikan. Adanya kandungan metabolit sekunder terhadap bunga pohon hujan (Spathodea campanulata) yang sudah mekar dan Bunga pohon hujan (Spathodea campanulata) yang masih kuncup menunjukkan bahwa bunga ini berpotensi dikembangkan untuk pengujian bioaktivitas, yang mencakup anti bakteri, anti jamur, anti kanker dan anti oksidan

Molecular Docking of Shallot (Allium ascalonicum) Active Compounds to Lanosterol Enzym 14-Alpha Demethylase and Squalene Monooxygenase for Antifungi Potential Activity

Shallots (Allium ascalonicum) are one of the important horticultural export commodities in Indonesia, but the productivity of shallots has decreased due to the attack of pathogenic fungi. This study was aimed to determine the potential of active shallot compounds as ligands for inhibiting the activity of the enzyme lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase (ID: 4LXJ) and squalene monooxygenase (ID: 6C6R) enzymes which play an important role in the biosynthesis of ergosterol or fungal cell membranes. The molecular docking used the Autodock Vina (PyRx) program, an analysis of molecule interaction used PyMol, and Discovery Studio 2019 to analyze the types of bonds between molecules. Thirty-nine ligands from shallot compounds are docked to the anti-fungal target protein. The results showed ascalonicoside A1, ascalonicoside A2, ascalonicoside B, quercetin, isorhamnetin, quercetin di glucoside, quercetin tri glucoside, ethyl palmitate and benzyl salicylate have the potential to be anti-fungal to the enzyme lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase and squalene monooxygenase enzyme that responds to the synthesis of fungi cell wall. These ligand compounds bind to the target protein's amino acid residues with hydrogen and hydrophobic bonds. This research showed that shallot was the potential to be replicated as an anti-fungus for many purposes

Banana Flower-Insect Interaction: Alpha-Pinene as Potential Attractant for the Insect Vector of Banana Blood Disease

Volatile metabolites are produced by plants for self-defense and as communication mediators with the environment. Terpenes are volatiles emitted as odorant cues for herbivores and microorganisms. This study was aimed to investigate volatile metabolites produced by banana flowers that attract insect vectors of BBD. The volatile metabolites from banana flowers were extracted by headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It was apparent that the concentrations of the metabolite alpha-pinene gradually increased from the first to the the third stage. Comparison of metabolites produced by symptomatic banana male flowers for BBD infection with non-symptomatic ones showed that the concentration of alpha-pinene was higher in symptomatic male flowers. In addition, preference for alpha-pinene was tested on three insect vector species (Rhodesiella bhutanensis, Drosophila sp., and Musca sp.), analyzed by M. Anova p<0.001, F(1.5) =12.539 and Duncan test. Results showed that the insect vectors were mostly attracted to 20 µl volume of alpha-pinene compared to the other volumes and that alpha-pinene functioned as an attractant to these insects. This research is important for the formulation of attractants for insect vectors of BBD to control transmission of banana blood disease

Studi In Silico Senyawa Cendawan Endofit Sebagai Kandidat Obat Antiangiogenesis Hemangioma

Increasing levels of angiogenic factors such as gamma interferon (Y-IF), tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF-β), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) are thought to be the cause of the angiogenesis process in hemangiomas. Endophytic fungi are potential in searching for new drug sources due to their antimicrobial, antifungal, and anticancer compounds. This study aimed to determine the potential and interactions of endophytic fungi as candidates for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) angiogenesis hemangiomas and apply Lipinski's rule of five to differentiate drug-like and non-drug-like molecules and in-line toxicity using in silico test. The research method was molecular docking using several programs, namely Autodock Vina (PyRx), PyMol, and Discovery Studio 2019, and tethering five ligands from the endophytic fungus Trichoderma sp. and Aspergillus sp. with 2 VEGFR-2 target proteins (protein codes were 3VHE and 1Y6A). The best binding affinity of the ligands was tested by Lipinski's rule of five and toxicity test using Toxtree. The results showed that benzyl benzoate is potentially an antiangiogenesis inhibitor for VEGFR-2 protein based on its binding affinity value, which is close to the control ligand value of -8.7 kcal/mol (3VHE) and -7.4 kcal/mol (1Y6A). Therefore, benzyl benzoate, chloromycetin, and 1-hexyl-3-nitrobenzene compounds comply with Lipinski's rule of five. Based on the results of the toxicity test and the parameters of the Kroes TTC decision tree, benzyl benzoate and chloromycetin are categorized as safe compounds for consumption.   Keywords: angiogenesis, benzyl benzoate, endophytic fungi, molecular docking, VEGFR-

Isolasi dan Pengukuran Aktivitas Enzim Bromelin dari Ekstrak Kasar Batang Nanas (Ananas comosus) Berdasarkan Variasi pH

This research aims to determine the highest protein content and the optimum activity of the enzyme bromelain extracted from pineapple stem. This research was conducted at the Laboratory of Microbiology Makassar Alauddin State Islamic University in May 2013. Variable in this study was the isolation and measurement of bromelain enzyme activity as the independent variable while the crude extract of pineapple stem by variations in pH as the dependent variable. The type of this research was experiments with bradford method for determination of protein content enzyme bromelain, with ammonium sulfate concentration variation for precipitation was 10-60%, as well as the determination of the enzyme bromelain activity at variation pH was 4.0; 5.0, 6.0; 7.0 and 8.0, at 650C temperature with incubation time was 10 minutes. Each stage has done three times in repetition and analyzed spectrometry. The results showed the highest levels of protein precipitation with ammonium sulfate at 60% was 37,785 mg/ml. While the optimum pH of the enzyme bromelain activity at pH 6.0 was 1.021 activity units /gra

Diversitas Senyawa Volatil dari Berbagai Jenis Tanaman dan Potensinya Sebagai Pengendali Hama yang Ramah Lingkungan

Volatile compounds are secondary metabolites derived from plants which are volatile in nature. Volatile compounds have an important role in the communication system for plants with other orgasms around them. This study is a literature study that aims to see the various volatile compounds from plants and their potential as pest control. The results of the study indicated that the diversity of volatile compounds from various plants consisted of several groups of compounds, namely: (1) Fatty acid derivatives; (2) Terpenoids; (3) Phenols, and others. Volatile compounds can be used in pest control because several volatile compounds are capable of being repellent for herbivorous insects, thus this ability is used as a reference for formulating bioinsecticides in pest control that is more environmentally friendly

Isolasi dan Pengukuran Aktivitas Enzim Bromelin dari Ekstrak Kasar Batang Nanas (Ananas comosus) Berdasarkan Variasi pH

This research aims to determine the highest protein content and the optimum activity of the enzyme bromelain extracted from pineapple stem. This research was conducted at the Laboratory of Microbiology Makassar Alauddin State Islamic University in May 2013. Variable in this study was the isolation and measurement of bromelain enzyme activity as the independent variable while the crude extract of pineapple stem by variations in pH as the dependent variable. The type of this research was experiments with bradford method for determination of protein content enzyme bromelain, with ammonium sulfate concentration variation for precipitation was 10-60%, as well as the determination of the enzyme bromelain activity at variation pH was 4.0; 5.0, 6.0; 7.0 and 8.0, at 65 0C temperature with incubation time was 10 minutes. Each stage has done three times in repetition and analyzed spectrometry. The results showed the highest levels of protein precipitation with ammonium sulfate at 60% was 37,785 mg/ml. While the optimum pH of the enzyme bromelain activity at pH 6.0 was 1.021 activity units /gra

Studi In Silico Senyawa Cendawan Endofit Sebagai Kandidat Obat Antiangiogenesis Hemangioma In Silico Study of Endophytic Fungal Compounds as Candidates for Hemangioma Antiangiogenesis Drugs

Peningkatan kadar faktor angiogenesis seperti gamma interferon (Y-IF), Tumor Necrosis Factor-Beta (TNF-β) dan Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGF- β) diduga menjadi penyebab penyerta proses angiogenesis pada penyakit hemangioma. Cendawan endofit berpotensi dalam pencarian sumber obat baru, karena cendawan mengandung senyawa antimikroba, antifungi serta antikanker. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi dan interaksi senyawa cendawan endofit sebagai kandidat inhibitor vascular endhotelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) angiogenesis hemangioma serta menerapkan Lipinski’s rule of five untuk membedakan molekul drug-like dan non drug-like dan uji toksisitas secara in silico. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode in silico dengan molecular docking menggunakan beberapa program yaitu Autodock vina (PyRx), PyMol dan Discovery Studio 2019 serta menambatkan 5 ligan dari senyawa cendawan endofit Trichoderma sp. dan Aspergillus sp. dengan 2 protein target VEGFR-2 dengan kode protein 3VHE dan 1Y6A. Hasil docking ligan yang memiliki binding affinity terbaik dilakukan uji Lipinski’s rule of five menggunakan 5 aturan lipinski dan toksisitas dengan Toxtree. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Benzyl Benzoat berpotensi sebagai antiangiogenesis menghambat protein VEGFR-2 berdasarkan nilai binding affinity yang mendekati nilai ligan kontrol sebesar -8,7 kkal/mol (3VHE) dan -7,4 kkal/mol (1Y6A). Senyawa Benzyl Benzoat, Chloromycetin dan 1-Hexyl-3 Nitrobenzene memenuhi aturan Lipinski’s rule of five. Berdasarkan Hasil uji toksisitas dan parameter Kroes TTC decision tree senyawa Benzyl Benzoat dan Chloromycetin termasuk kategori senyawa yang aman untuk dikonsums

Diversitas senyawa volatil dari berbagai jenis tanaman dan potensinya sebagai pengendali hama yang ramah lingkungan

Senyawa volatil merupakan metabolit sekunder yang diproduksi oleh tumbuhan dengan sifat mudah menguap. Senyawa volatil memiliki peranan penting dalam sistem komunikasi bagi tumbuhan dengan orgasnisme lain di sekitarnya. Studi ini merupakan studi literatur yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui diversitas senyawa volatil dari berbagai tanaman dan potensinya sebagai pengendali hama. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa diversitas senyawa volatil dari berbagai tanaman terdiri atas beberapa kelompok senyawa, yaitu antara lain: (1) Derivatif asam lemak; (2) Terpenoids; (3) Fenol, dan lain-lain. Senyawa volatil dapat dimanfaatkan dalam pengendalian hama secara alami karena beberapa senyawa volatil mampu menjadi atraktan ataupun repellent bagi serangga herbivora dengan demikian kemampuan tersebut dapat dijadikan sebagai acuan untuk memformulasi bioinsektisida dalam pengendalian hama yang lebih ramah lingkungan

Identifikasi Gejala Penyakit dan Cendawan Patogen Tanaman Bawang Merah (Allium ascolonicum) Di Kecamatan Buntuk Batu Kabupaten Enrekang

Bawang merah (Allium ascalonicum) merupakan salah satu komoditas sayuran unggul yang diperhatikan pemerintah Indonesia karena terus mengalami peningkatan permintaan konsumsi. Rendahnya hasil produksi karena infeksi penyakit yang disebabkan oleh cendawan patogen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat gejala tanaman bawang merah yang terserang cendawan patogen dan mengetahui jenis cendawan patogen pada tanaman bawang merah di lahan pertanian Kecamatan Buntu Batu Enrekang. Penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif dengan metode observasi yakni pengamatan gejala tanaman bawang di lapangan dan pengukuran parameter lingkungan tanah yaitu pH, kelembaban, dan suhu. Cendawan patogen diidentifikasi sampai tingkat genus berdasarkan ciri makroskopis dan mikrokopis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tanaman bawang merah dari semua stasiun yang terserang cendawan patogen menunjukkan gejala berupa tanaman kerdil dan mengalami kelayuan, daun berwarna hijau kekuningan dan kebanyakan daun kering, umbi berukuran kecil dan berwarna putih pucat hingga pada pangkal tampak pembusukan, serta akar yang mulai membusuk dan berwarna kecoklatan. Adapun jenis cendawan yang menginfeksi bawang merah (Allium ascolanicum) di Kecamatan Buntu Batu Enrekang yang telah diidentifikasi diperoleh tiga jenis yaitu genus Fusarium spp. sebanyak 9 isolat, Aspergillus sp. sebanyak 4 isolat dan Colletotrichum sp. sebanyak 1 isolat