Tradisi Rapek Karambie di Paninjauan dalam Komposisi Musik Karawitan

Paninjauan is a Nagari located in District X Koto , Tanah Datar , West Sumatra Province . Most of the population are farmers , then civil servants and merchants . In living everyday life governed by Indigenous or rules applicable in Nagari Paninjaun . Indigenous or the rules has become a tradition and culture for Paninjauan Society . This can be seen on a daily basis in the implementation , farming , bergontong mutual , in the implementation of worship , in a custom implementation , such as ; cultural implementation of circumcision , marriage , how to dress and so on . Including traditional search or choose minantu / sumando , namely to find a mate a girl who will be married in Nagari Paninjauan . The procession is not easy , because the people who will be made minantu / sumando is really scrutinized and approved by the immediate family of the girl , then the custom is as mamak , and the father as the nearest sumando urang also urang sumando sekaum . Looking minantu / sumando in Paninjauan likened to find a core process of starch in a karambie ( coconut ) . Decisions taken in consensus karambie together and decided by pengulu to embed the principles of prudence

Extent and mechanism of sealing in transected giant axons of squid and earthworms

Transected axons are often assumed to seal at their cut ends by the formation of continuous membrane barriers that allow for the restoration of function in the axonal stumps. We have used several electrophysiological measures (membrane potential, input resistance, injury current density) and several morphological measures (phase-contrast, video-enhanced differential interference contrast, light, and electron microscopies) of living and fixed material to assess the extent and mechanism of sealing within hours after transecting giant axons of squid (Loligo pealeiand Sepioteuthis lessoniana) and earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris). Our electrophysiological data suggest that the proximal and distal ends of transected squid giant axons do not completely seal within 2.5 hr in physiological saline. In contrast, the same set of measures suggest that proximal and distal ends of transected earthworm giant axons seal within 1 hr in physiological saline. Our morphological data show that the cut ends of both squid and earthworm axons constrict, but that a 20- 70-am-diameter opening always remains at the cut end that is filled with vesicles. Axonal transection induces the formation of vesicles that are observed in the axoplasm within minutes in standard salines and that rapidly migrate to the cut ends. These injury-induced vesicles are loosely packed near the cut ends of squid giant axons, which do not functionally seal within 2.5 hr of transection. In contrast, vesicles formed a tightly packed plug at the cut ends of earthworm medial giant axons, which do functionally seal within 1 hr of transection in physiological saline. Since we detect no single continuous membrane that spans the cut end, sealing does not appear to occur by the fusion of constricted axolemmal membrane or the formation of a membranous partition at the cut end. Rather, our data are consistent with the hypothesis that a tightly packed vesicular plug is responsible for sealing of earthworm giant axons.This work was supported in part by NIH Grant NS31256 and ONR Grant N00014-90-J-1137 to H.M.F., an NIAAA fellowship to T.L.K., and an ATP grant to G.D.B.Neuroscienc

In situ and ex situ characterization studies of transition metal containing nanoporous catalysts

The research within this thesis has concentrated around characterization of nanoporous catalysts with metals incorporated or substituted inside the framework, and inside the cavities as small clusters, and in very low concentrations. The main objective has been to advance the understanding of the structure and active sites, and relate them to their catalytic properties through the use of combination in situ and ex situ methods and in some cases combination with optical spectroscopic techniques. Characterisation methods include synchrotron radiation based techniques, high-resolution powder diffraction (HRPD) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and laboratory based X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Infrared Spectroscopy (IR), Raman Spectroscopy (RS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy TEM A combination of techniques is used to investigate cobalt substituted AlPO-18 prepared by different compositions. The determination of the nature of cobalt ions, in particular their location in the samples was carried by XAS. Additionally, a new in situ IR cell was developed which allowed to determine the nature of the redox chemistry of cobalt ions in the samples. Structural changes during calcinations and methanol to olefins reaction (MTO) were studied on transition metals substituted (Co, Zn, Si) small pore AlPO-18. Using diffraction methods it was possible to accurately determine the changes in the lattice parameters and correlate this with metal ion incorporation into the lattice, and also determine the negative thermal properties of these materials prior to catalytic reactions; the study also allowed us to follow their stability during calcination. High energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD PDF method) measurements gave an insight into the direction of possible lattice contraction during calcination which may be related to shape-selective catalytic properties of these solids. Characterization of a series of vanadium containing ZSM-5 was carried by in situ XAS and Raman spectroscopy. The catalytic activity was very different, and detailed understanding of the vanadium environment using XAS and Raman spectroscopy provided an insight into the nature of vanadium ions in the zeolites. In the last part of the thesis, a series of platinum impregnated zeolite beta and ferrierite were characterized to understand how the nano clustered platinum metal particles (active centres) were created during activation, and the study also allowed us to estimate the size and sitting of the platinum cluster inside the zeolite lattice

Osservazioni sulla ecologia e sulla flora dello stagno di Molentargius (Sardegna meridionale)

ItSi riportano i primi risultati di un’indagine sulla flora e sull’ambiente effettuata nello Stagno di Molentargius (Sardegna meridionale) che, nonostante sia protetto dalla Convenzione Internazionale di Ramsar è oggetto di continuo degrado ambientale. Nella zona de "Is Arenas", in cui è stata effettuata questa indagine, sono state raccolte e determinate ben 250 specie suddivise in 54 famiglie e 179 generi. L’elevata percentuale di terofite (52.8%) conferma le indicazioni climatiche della zona, mentre la presenza rilevante di specie ad ampia distribuzione denuncia un eccessivo squilibrio tra queste e la flora autoctona. Questo fatto potrebbe condizionare in maniera negativa l’avifauna che con la Convenzione di Ramsar si vorrebbe proteggere.EnThe Authors report the first result of investigation about flora and environment carried out in the Molentargius Pont (Southern Sardinia). It is protect of Ramsar Agreement and despite this, it is subject to remarkable environmental regression. In the area of "is Arenas", there are found 250 species, structured 54 families and 179 genera. The very high percentage ostherophyte (52.8%) confirms the climatic indication of this area, while the great presence of cosmopolite shows a too much lack of balance between these and the native flora. This should have an unfavourable result on the birdlife that the Ramsar Agreeemen would like protect

Reapportionment, Regional Politics and Partisan Gains

Geographers and demographers have been analyzing U.S. regional population change for decades. From the perspective of politics and governance, understanding these population changes over time is very important because seats in the House of Representatives are reapportioned every decade in accordance with the U.S. Constitution. Representation in the House, in turn, affects the distribution of votes in the Electoral College and thus the impact of regional population change affects the presidency as well as the Congress. As political geographers we have studied the possible impacts of this population change on elections, issues in Congress and the nation, and if a particular political party has gained or lost in the process. This article is adapted from our recently published co-edited book, Atlas of the 2012 Elections, which examines both short-term and long-term state and regional gains and losses in the House of Representatives and Electoral College to see how the Democrats and Republicans have fared

Endocytotic formation of vesicles and other membranous structures induced by Ca2+ and axolemmal injury

Vesicles and/or other membranous structures that form after axolemmal damage have recently been shown to repair (seal) the axolemma of various nerve axons. To determine the origin of such membranous structures, (1) we internally dialyzed isolated intact squid giant axons (GAs) and showed that elevation of intracellular Ca21 .100 uM produced membranous structures similar to those in axons transected in Ca21-containing physiological saline; (2) we exposed GA axoplasm to Ca21- containing salines and observed that membranous structures did not form after removing the axolemma and glial sheath but did form in severed GAs after .99% of their axoplasm was removed by internal perfusion; (3) we examined transected GAs and crayfish medial giant axons (MGAs) with time-lapse confocal fluorescence microscopy and showed that many injuryinduced vesicles formed by endocytosis of the axolemma; (4) we examined the cut ends of GAs and MGAs with electron microscopy and showed that most membranous structures were single-walled at short (5–15 min) post-transection times, whereas more were double- and multi-walled and of probable glial origin after longer (30–150 min) post-transection times; and (5) we examined differential interference contrast and confocal images and showed that large and small lesions evoked similar injury responses in which barriers to dye diffusion formed amid an accumulation of vesicles and other membranous structures. These and other data suggest that Ca21 inflow at large or small axolemmal lesions induces various membranous structures (including endocytotic vesicles) of glial or axonal origin to form, accumulate, and interact with each other, preformed vesicles, and/or the axolemma to repair the axolemmal damage.This work was supported by grants from National Institutes of Health (NIH; NS31256) and the State of Texas (Advanced Technology 3658-446).Neuroscienc

Gender Differences in VO2 and HR Kinetics at the Onset of Moderate and Heavy Exercise Intensity in Adolescents

The majority of the studies on VO2 kinetics in pediatric populations investigated gender differences in prepubertal children during submaximal intensity exercise, but studies are lacking in adolescents. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that gender differences exist in the VO2 and heart rate (HR) kinetic responses to moderate (M) and heavy (H) intensity exercise in adolescents. Twenty-one healthy African-American adolescents (9 males, 15.8 ± 1.1 year; 12 females, 15.7 ± 1 year) performed constant work load exercise on a cycle ergometer at M and H. The VO2 kinetics of the male group was previously analyzed (Lai et al., Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 33:107–117, 2008b). For both genders, VO2 and HR kinetics were described with a single exponential at M and a double exponential at H. The fundamental time constant (τ1) of VO2 was significantly higher in female than male at M (45 ± 7 vs. 36 ± 11 sec, P \u3c 0.01) and H (41 ± 8 vs. 29 ± 9 sec, P \u3c 0.01), respectively. The functional gain (G1) was not statistically different between gender at M and statistically higher in females than males at H: 9.7 ± 1.2 versus 10.9 ± 1.3 mL min−1 W−1, respectively. The amplitude of the slow component was not significantly different between genders. The HR kinetics were significantly (τ1, P \u3c 0.01) slower in females than males at M (61 ± 16 sec vs. 45 ± 20 sec, P \u3c 0.01) and H (42 ± 10 sec vs. 30 ± 8 sec, P = 0.03). The G1 of HR was higher in females than males at M: 0.53 ± 0.11 versus 0.98 ± 0.2 bpm W−1 and H: 0.40 ± 0.11 versus 0.73 ± 0.23 bpm W−1, respectively. Gender differences in the VO2 and HR kinetics suggest that oxygen delivery and utilization kinetics of female adolescents differ from those in male adolescents. © 2016 The Authors