Quintas da Madeira: Reabilitação da Quinta das Figueirinhas em Santa Cruz, Ilha da Madeira

turismo na ilha da Madeira tem sido, ao longo do tempo, o principal motor impulsionador do desenvolvimento da economia da região. Famosa pelo mundo fora devido à sua beleza natural, tem sido eleita como um dos destinos turísticos de eleição e também frequentemente conhecida como “o jardim flutuante do Atlântico” que alberga as tradicionais verdejantes Quintas da Madeira. As Quintas da Madeira surgem nesta temática de modo a preservar um interessante espólio da história da ilha da Madeira, dado que são atualmente uma das grandes atrações da região. Na sua grande parte já reabilitadas, contribuem para fins hoteleiros e museológicos. As Quintas da Madeira integram enormes e espaçosos jardins floridos, repletos das mais raras e variadas plantas endémicas, com espaços que convidam ao descanso ou à simples contemplação da natureza. A reabilitação destas quintas tem sido um bom exemplo de conservação e divulgação do património da região. São edificações que contam um pouco da história da Madeira, cada uma à sua maneira. Umas, expondo grandiosas coleções de objetos de outros tempos, outras com escritos que passam de geração para geração. Estas propriedades são atualmente um reviver de outros tempos. Desta forma, para projeto de conclusão do Mestrado Integrado em Arquitetura será apresentada uma proposta de reabilitação e ampliação da Quinta das Figueirinhas, uma propriedade privada situada na freguesia do Caniço, pertencente ao concelho de Santa Cruz. A edificação encontra-se numa zona de espaço urbano, com uma grande área de espaços verdes e uma vista extraordinária sobre o oceano atlântico. A “Casa-Mãe” edificada no séc. XIX, encontra-se devoluta há mais de cinco décadas. Apresenta-se agora em estado de ruina e os seus jardins, que outrora encantaram, desapareceram desconfigurando o seu território e a sua identidade. Pretende-se, assim, reabilitar esta edificação para fins hoteleiros, de modo a inseri-la no panorama das Quintas da Madeira. Com a intenção de recriar a composição original da propriedade propõem-se ainda a implantação da “Casa do Caseiro”, típica casa inspirada na casa secular madeirense, que dará a conhecer a gastronomia e cultura da região aos seus hóspedes que por ali passam.Tourism in Madeira Island has been, over time, the main engine behind the development of the region's economy. Famous around the world for its natural beauty, it has been chosen as one of the tourist destinations of choice and, also, frequently known as "the Atlantic floating garden" that houses the traditional green Quintas da Madeira. Quintas da Madeira blossom in this theme in order to preserve an interesting collection of Madeira´s history and patrimony, since they are currently one of the great attractions of the region. Most part of them already rehabilitated, they contribute to hotel and museological purposes. Quintas da Madeira comprise large and spacious flower gardens, filled with the rarest and varied endemic plants, with spaces that invite you to rest or simply contemplate nature. The rehabilitation of these proprieties has been a good example of conservation and dissemination of the region's heritage. They are buildings that tell a little of Madeira's history, each in its own way. Some exposing big collections of objects from other times, others with writings that are carried from generation to generation. These properties are currently a revival of other times. Thus, this final project assignement for the Master in Architecture will be presented a proposal for rehabilitation and expansion of Quinta das Figueirinhas, a private property located in Caniço, Santa Cruz. The edification is located in an area of urban space, with a large green area and an extraordinary view of the Atlantic Ocean. The "Casa-mãe" built in the 19th century has been abandoned for more than five decades. It is now in a state of ruin, and its gardens, which once enchanted, disappeared, disfiguring its territory and its identity. The goal is to rehabilitate this building for hotel purposes, so as to insert it in the landscape of Quintas da Madeira. With the intention of recreating the original composition of the property, we propose the establishment of "Casa do Caseiro", a typical house inspired by the Madeira secular house, which will spread the gastronomy and culture of the region to its guests who pass through

The cleptoparasitic bee genus Chiasmognathus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Kenya, with the description of two new species

The minute, cleptoparasitic bee genus Chiasmognathus (Nomadinae: Ammobatini) is documented from western Kenya, representing the southernmost records of the lineage. Two species are recognized from the Great Rift Valley—Chiasmognathus aturksvenicus, from the southwestern side of Lake Turkana, and the other, C. riftensis, from further south near Lake Bogoria. The former was captured in association with its host, Nomioides (Nomioides) turanicus (Halictinae: Nomioidini). Chiasmognathus saheliensis is considered a new junior synonym of Pasites gnomus, and the latter epithet is transferred to Chiasmognathus: C. gnomus. We illustrate and discuss intraspecific variation in some morphological features of these tiny bees.Keywords: Apoidea, taxonomy, Nomadinae, Halictidae, Kenya, Turkana, Bogori

Stepwise evolution of a butterfly supergene via duplication and inversion

Supergenes maintain adaptive clusters of alleles in the face of genetic mixing. Although usually attributed to inversions, supergenes can be complex, and reconstructing the precise processes that led to recombination suppression and their timing is challenging. We investigated the origin of the BC supergene, which controls variation in warning coloration in the African monarch butterfly, Danaus chrysippus. By generating chromosome-scale assemblies for all three alleles, we identified multiple structural differences. Most strikingly, we find that a region of more than 1 million bp underwent several segmental duplications at least 7.5 Ma. The resulting duplicated fragments appear to have triggered four inversions in surrounding parts of the chromosome, resulting in stepwise growth of the region of suppressed recombination. Phylogenies for the inversions are incongruent with the species tree and suggest that structural polymorphisms have persisted for at least 4.1 Myr. In addition to the role of duplications in triggering inversions, our results suggest a previously undescribed mechanism of recombination suppression through independent losses of divergent duplicated tracts. Overall, our findings add support for a stepwise model of supergene evolution involving a variety of structural changes. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Genomic architecture of supergenes: causes and evolutionary consequences’

Global biogeography of warning coloration in the butterfly Danaus chrysippus

Warning coloration provides a textbook example of natural selection, but the frequent observation of polymorphism in aposematic species presents an evolutionary puzzle. We investigated biogeography and polymorphism of warning patterns in the widespread butterfly Danaus chrysippus using records from citizen science (n = 5467), museums (n = 8864) and fieldwork (n = 2586). We find that polymorphism in three traits controlled by known mendelian loci is extensive. Broad allele frequency clines, hundreds of kilometres wide, suggest a balance between long-range dispersal and predation of unfamiliar morphs. Mismatched clines for the white hindwing and forewing tip in East Africa are consistent with a previous finding that the black wingtip allele has spread recently in the region through hitchhiking with a heritable endosymbiont. Light/dark background coloration shows more extensive polymorphism. The darker genotype is more common in cooler regions, possibly reflecting a trade-off between thermoregulation and predator warning. Overall, our findings show how studying local adaptation at the global scale provides a more complete picture of the evolutionary forces involved

Arthropod associates of Kenyan buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris): a field survey for biological control candidates of a globally important invasive grass

Invasive species are the second largest contributor to biodiversity loss and drivers of ecosystem change. Buffelgrass is a C4, perennial grass native to Africa and Asia that was widely introduced across tropical and subtropical rangelands as livestock forage. Buffelgrass reduces native biodiversity and ecosystem stability in its introduced range when it escapes livestock pastures. Understanding the ecology of insects associated with buffelgrass in its native range may provide an understanding of invasion processes and biological control opportunities where buffelgrass has become an invasive challenge. Here, we present the results of a six-year survey of herbivorous arthropods of a native buffelgrass population from Kenya. Buffelgrass was examined for externally and internally feeding insects of vegetative and reproductive tissues. We also categorised buffelgrass detritivores and parasitoids that may use buffelgrass herbivores as hosts. The samples were photographed and Sanger sequenced to identify them to the lowest possible taxonomic ranking. We collected information on sample abundances, phenologies, tissues consumed, and putative diet breadths. We identified 25 morphospecies representing seven orders and 16 families. The putative host plant specialisation was as high as 67% for Diptera. Phenological variation in herbivore presence correlated with seasonal rainfall and provided a guide for when to conduct follow-up biological control agent searches. The most abundant herbivore was a gall midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) that inhabits buffelgrass culms. Additional research should focus on bringing this species into containment where host choice trials can be conducted to determine if it is truly monophagous and assess its impact on buffelgrass growth

Global agricultural productivity is threatened by increasing pollinator dependence without a parallel increase in crop diversification

The global increase in the proportion of land cultivated with pollinator-dependent crops implies increased reliance on pollination services. Yet agricultural practices themselves can profoundly affect pollinator supply and pollination. Extensive monocultures are associated with a limited pollinator supply and reduced pollination, whereas agricultural diversification can enhance both. Therefore, areas where agricultural diversity has increased, or at least been maintained, may better sustain high and more stable productivity of pollinator-dependent crops. Given that >80% of all crops depend, to varying extents, on insect pollination, a global increase in agricultural pollinator dependence over recent decades might have led to a concomitant increase in agricultural diversification. We evaluated whether an increase in the area of pollinator-dependent crops has indeed been associated with an increase in agricultural diversity, measured here as crop diversity, at the global, regional, and country scales for the period 1961–2016. Globally, results show a relatively weak and decelerating rise in agricultural diversity over time that was largely decoupled from the strong and continually increasing trend in agricultural dependency on pollinators. At regional and country levels, there was no consistent relationship between temporal changes in pollinator dependence and crop diversification. Instead, our results show heterogeneous responses in which increasing pollinator dependence for some countries and regions has been associated with either an increase or a decrease in agricultural diversity. Particularly worrisome is a rapid expansion of pollinator-dependent oilseed crops in several countries of the Americas and Asia that has resulted in a decrease in agricultural diversity. In these regions, reliance on pollinators is increasing, yet agricultural practices that undermine pollination services are expanding. Our analysis has thereby identified world regions of particular concern where environmentally damaging practices associated with large-scale, industrial agriculture threaten key ecosystem services that underlie productivity, in addition to other benefits provided by biodiversity.Fil: Aizen, Marcelo Adrian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Aguiar, Sebastián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; ArgentinaFil: Biesmeijer, Jacobus C.. Leiden University; Países Bajos. Naturalis Biodiversity Center; Países BajosFil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Sede Andina. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; ArgentinaFil: Inouye, David W.. University of Maryland; Estados Unidos. Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory; Estados UnidosFil: Jung, Chuleui. Andong National University; Corea del SurFil: Martins, Dino J.. University of Princeton; Estados UnidosFil: Medel, Rodrigo. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Morales, Carolina Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Ngo, Hien. UN Campus Platz der Vereinten Nationen. Intergovernmental Science Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services; AlemaniaFil: Pauw, Anton. Stellenbosch University; SudáfricaFil: Paxton, Robert J. Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg; Alemania. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research; AlemaniaFil: Sáez, Agustín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Seymour, Colleen L.. South African National Biodiversity Institute; Sudáfrica. University of Cape Town; Sudáfric

Systematic reduction of natural enemies and competition across variable precipitation approximates buffelgrass invasiveness ( Cenchrus ciliaris ) in its native range

Invasive grasses cause devastating losses to biodiversity and ecosystem function directly and indirectly by altering ecosystem processes. Escape from natural enemies, plant–plant competition, and variable resource availability provide frameworks for understanding invasion. However, we lack a clear understanding of how natural stressors interact in their native range to regulate invasiveness. In this study, we reduced diverse guilds of natural enemies and plant competitors of the highly invasive buffelgrass across a precipitation gradient throughout major climatic shifts in Laikipia, Kenya. To do this, we used a long‐term ungulate exclosure experiment design across a precipitation gradient with nested treatments that (1) reduced plant competition through clipping, (2) reduced insects through systemic insecticide, and (3) reduced fungal associates through fungicide application. Additionally, we measured the interaction of ungulates on two stem‐boring insect species feeding on buffelgrass. Finally, we measured a multiyear smut fungus outbreak. Our findings suggest that buffelgrass exhibits invasive qualities when released from a diverse group of natural stressors in its native range. We show natural enemies interact with precipitation to alter buffelgrass productivity patterns. In addition, interspecific plant competition decreased the basal area of buffelgrass, suggesting that biotic resistance mediates buffelgrass dominance in the home range. Surprisingly, systemic insecticides and fungicides did not impact buffelgrass production or reproduction, perhaps because other guilds filled the niche space in these highly diverse systems. For example, in the absence of ungulates, we showed an increase in host‐specific stem‐galling insects, where these insects compensated for reduced ungulate use. Finally, we documented a smut outbreak in 2020 and 2021, corresponding to highly variable precipitation patterns caused by a shifting Indian Ocean Dipole. In conclusion, we observed how reducing natural enemies and competitors and certain interactions increased properties related to buffelgrass invasiveness

Aspects determining the risk of pesticides to wild bees: risk profiles for focal crops on three continents

In order to conduct a proper risk assessment of pesticides to bees, information is needed in three areas: the toxicity of the pesticide;the probability of bee exposure to that pesticide; andthe population dynamics of the bee species in question.Information was collected on such factors affecting pesticide risk to (primarily wild) bees in several crops in Brazil, Kenya and The Netherlands. These data were used to construct ‘risk profiles’ of pesticide use for bees in the studied cropping systems. Data gaps were identified and potential risks of pesticides to bees were compared between the crops. Initially, risk profiling aims to better identify gaps in our present knowledge. In the longer term, the established risk profiles may provide structured inputs into risk assessment models for wild and managed bees, and lead to recommendations for specific risk mitigation measures. Keywords: pesticide, exposure, risk, wild bees, risk profil

The Afrotropical breeding grounds of the Palearctic-African migratory painted lady butterflies (Vanessa cardui)

Migratory insects are key players in ecosystem functioning and services, but their spatiotemporal distributions are typically poorly known. Ecological niche modeling (ENM) may be used to predict species seasonal distributions, but the resulting hypotheses should eventually be validated by field data. The painted lady butterfly (Vanessa cardui) performs multigenerational migrations between Europe and Africa and has become a model species for insect movement ecology. While the annual migration cycle of this species is well understood for Europe and northernmost Africa, it is still unknown where most individuals spend the winter. Through ENM, we previously predicted suitable breeding grounds in the subhumid regions near the tropics between November and February. In this work, we assess the suitability of these predictions through i) extensive field surveys and ii) two-year monitoring in six countries: a large-scale monitoring scheme to study butterfly migration in Africa. We document new breeding locations, year-round phenological information, and hostplant use. Field observations were nearly always predicted with high probability by the previous ENM, and monitoring demonstrated the influence of the precipitation seasonality regime on migratory phenology. Using the updated dataset, we built a refined ENM for the Palearctic-African range of V. cardui. We confirm the relevance of the Afrotropical region and document the missing natural history pieces of the longest migratory cycle described in butterflies.This work was funded by the National Geographic Society (grant WW1-300R-18); by the British Ecological Society (grant LRB16/1015); by the Research and Conservation Projects of the Fundació Barcelona Zoo; by the grant PID2020-117739GA-I00/MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the Spanish State Research Agency to G.T.; by the grant LINKA20399 from the Spanish National Research Council iLink program to G.T., C.P.B., N.E.P., and R.V.; by fellowship FPU19/01593 of the program Formación de Profesorado Universitario (FPU) to A.G.-B.; by the Turkana Basin Institute, National Geographic Society, and Whitley Fund for Nature to D.J.M.; and by grant 2018-00738 of the New Frontiers in Research Fund (Government of Canada) to G.T. and C.P.B.Significance Abstract Results Field Surveys, Larval Hostplants, and Field-Based Model Validation Monitoring Results and Population Dynamics across Regions A Refined Model for the Afrotropical Region Discussion The Afrotropical Breeding Grounds of V. cardui: Multiple Generations Shift South Toward the Tropics Diversity and Phenology of Larval Hostplants in the Afrotropics The Ecological Relevance of Delimiting Spatiotemporal Distributions in Migratory Insects Conclusion Methods December-January Field Surveys and Year-Round Monitoring Spatiotemporal Ecological Niche Modeling Data, Materials, and Software Availability Acknowledgments Supporting Information Reference

Perfil epidemiológico das intoxicações exógenas no município de Moreno-PE no período de 2012 a 2015

Objetivou-se descrever as características do perfil epidemiológico das intoxicações exógenas, no Município de Moreno, Estado de Pernambuco, no período de 2012 a 2015. Foi realizado um estudo epidemiológico do tipo descritivo, onde foram analisadas a faixa etária, sexo, tipo de agente tóxico, utilização de agrotóxicos e motivo de exposição dos indivíduos acometidos pelas intoxicações exógenas registradas no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). Foram notificados 109 casos de intoxicação exógena no período de 2012 a 2015, sendo as maiores frequências, encontradas em adultos (51,1%), e os principais agentes tóxicos corresponderam aos medicamentos (41,3%) e agrotóxicos agrícolas (12%). Em 94,5% dos casos, o agrotóxico utilizado não foi informado. Dos 109 casos de intoxicação exógena, 37 (33,9%) ocorreram pela tentativa de suicídio. Os dados analisados permitem concluir que o quantitativo de dados em branco, nas fichas de notificação dificulta o desenvolvimento de estratégias de prevenção das intoxicações pela Vigilância em Saúde, bem como a instituição de tratamentos específicos para os pacientes intoxicados pela Atenção Primária a Saúde