La mujer y el trabajo: evolución histórico jurídica

The figure of women at work has always been less present than that of men, since it has been considered the weaker sex. Throughout history, progress has been made in this matter, since in past times women limited themselves to carrying out housework and taking care of their children. Traditionally, it was the man who was responsible for supporting the family, and therefore it was unthinkable that the woman enter the world of work, since her job was that. It is amazing that despite the constant struggle for centuries ago, today women continue to fight for the rights, which are enshrined in our supreme norm, the Spanish Constitution. Well, formal equality between women and men has been achieved, but despite this, in practice there are still obvious situations of inequality between the sexes. Therefore, women continue in constant struggle to ensure that the rights regulated in the Constitution, and in the laws, have been effective. There are many achievements so far, but there are still many barriers that prevent the full advancement of women in many sectors, but more specifically in the workplace or in politics.La figura de la mujer en el trabajo, siempre ha estado menos presente que la del hombre, pues se ha considerado el sexo débil. A lo largo de la historia se ha conseguido avanzar en este asunto, en épocas pasadas la mujer se limitaba a realizar las laborales del hogar y ocuparse del cuidado de sus hijos. Tradicionalmente, era el hombre quien se encargaba de sustentar a la familia, y por tanto, era impensable que la mujer entrara en el mundo laboral, puesto que su labor era aquella. Resulta asombroso que, a pesar de la constante lucha desde siglos atrás, en la actualidad, la mujer siga luchando por los derechos que se encuentran consagrados en nuestra norma suprema, la Constitución española. Son muchos los logros alcanzados hasta el momento, pero siguen existiendo muchas barreras que impiden el avance completo de la mujer en muchos sectores, pero más concretamente en el ámbito laboral o en la política

Radical-mediated C–H functionalization : a strategy for access to modified cyclodextrins

A simple and efficient radical C–H functionalization to access modified cyclodextrins (CDs) has been developed. The well-defined conformation of glycosidic and aglyconic bonds in α-, β-, and γ-CDs favors the intramolecular 1,8-hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) promoted by the 6I-O-yl radical, which abstracts regioselectively the hydrogen at C5II of the contiguous pyranose. The C5II-radical evolves by a polar crossover mechanism to a stable 1,3,5-trioxocane ring between two adjacent glucoses or alternatively triggers the inversion of one α-d-glucose into a 5-C-acetoxy-β-l-idose unit possessing a 1C4 conformation. The 6I,IV- and 6I,III-diols of α- and β-CDs behave similarly to the monoalcohols, forming mostly compounds originating from two 1,8-HAT consecutive processes. In the case of 6I,II-diols the proximity of the two 6-O-yl radicals in adjacent sugar units allows the formation of unique lactone rings within the CD framework via a 1,8-HAT−β-scission tandem mechanism. X-ray diffraction carried out on the crystalline 1,4-bis(trioxocane)-α-CD derivative shows a severe distortion toward a narrower elliptical shape for the primary face

Easy access to modified cyclodextrins by an intramolecular radical approach

A simple method to modify the primary face of cyclodextrins (CDs) is described. The 6I-O-yl radical of a-, b-, and g-CDs regioselectively abstracts the H5II, located in the adjacent d-glucose unit, by an intramolecular 1,8-hydrogenatom-transfer reaction through a geometrically restricted ninemembered transition state to give a stable 1,3,5-trioxocane ring. The reaction has been extended to the 1,4-diols of a- and b-CD to give the corresponding bis(trioxocane)s. The C2-symmetric bis(trioxocane) corresponding to the a-CD is a stable crystalline solid whose structure was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The calculated geometric parameters confirm that the primary face is severely distorted toward a narrower elliptical shape for this rim

Sustainability and interoperability: An economic study on BIM implementation by a small Civil Engineering firm

[EN] Sustainability and interoperability are two closely related concepts. By analyzing the three fundamental facets of sustainability-economic, ecological and ethical/social-it is easier to address their connection with the concept of interoperability. This paper focuses on the economic aspect, in the field of civil engineering. In this area, due to the local nature of many of the software tools used, interoperability problems are frequent, with few studies addressing the economic impact of this, especially in small engineering firms. The main contribution of this paper is a design methodology for linear works based on the federation of building information modelling (BIM) models created with different software tools, conceived to break the interoperability issues between these applications. As an example, this methodology is applied to a mountain road widening project. A detailed economic analysis of the application of this methodology by an engineering Spanish firm reveals the important cost reductions that the integration of the software tools provides versus the prior practices.The authors wish to acknowledge support from ISTRAM, CivileStudio and the engineering firm for the information provided.Aranda Domingo, JÁ.; Martin-Dorta, N.; Naya Sanchis, F.; Conesa-Pastor, J.; Contero, M. (2020). Sustainability and interoperability: An economic study on BIM implementation by a small Civil Engineering firm. Sustainability. 12(22):1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229581S1161222Grilo, A., & Jardim-Goncalves, R. (2010). Value proposition on interoperability of BIM and collaborative working environments. Automation in Construction, 19(5), 522-530. doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2009.11.003Bynum, P., Issa, R. R. A., & Olbina, S. (2013). Building Information Modeling in Support of Sustainable Design and Construction. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 139(1), 24-34. doi:10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0000560BuildingSMART Internationalhttps://www.buildingsmart.org/Modelos digitales del terreno: Introducción y aplicaciones a las ciencias ambientales. Oviedo Univ. Oviedo 1994, 118http://www.etsimo.uniovi.es/~feliBaltsavias, E. P. (1999). A comparison between photogrammetry and laser scanning. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 54(2-3), 83-94. doi:10.1016/s0924-2716(99)00014-3Hirpa, D., Hare, W., Lucet, Y., Pushak, Y., & Tesfamariam, S. (2016). A bi-objective optimization framework for three-dimensional road alignment design. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 65, 61-78. doi:10.1016/j.trc.2016.01.016Yepes, V., Alcala, J., Perea, C., & González-Vidosa, F. (2008). A parametric study of optimum earth-retaining walls by simulated annealing. Engineering Structures, 30(3), 821-830. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.05.023Nehate, G., & Rys, M. (2006). 3D Calculation of Stopping-Sight Distance from GPS Data. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 132(9), 691-698. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-947x(2006)132:9(691)Borga, M., Tonelli, F., & Selleroni, J. (2004). A physically based model of the effects of forest roads on slope stability. Water Resources Research, 40(12). doi:10.1029/2004wr003238Vanmarcke, E. H. (1977). Reliability of Earth Slopes. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, 103(11), 1247-1265. doi:10.1061/ajgeb6.0000518Istram Softwarehttps://www.istram.netCivileStudio Softwarehttps://www.civilestudio.comBates, P. ., & De Roo, A. P. . (2000). A simple raster-based model for flood inundation simulation. Journal of Hydrology, 236(1-2), 54-77. doi:10.1016/s0022-1694(00)00278-xBryde, D., Broquetas, M., & Volm, J. M. (2013). The project benefits of Building Information Modelling (BIM). International Journal of Project Management, 31(7), 971-980. doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2012.12.001Ghaffarianhoseini, A., Tookey, J., Ghaffarianhoseini, A., Naismith, N., Azhar, S., Efimova, O., & Raahemifar, K. (2017). Building Information Modelling (BIM) uptake: Clear benefits, understanding its implementation, risks and challenges. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 75, 1046-1053. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.083Love, P. E. D., & Matthews, J. (2019). The ‘how’ of benefits management for digital technology: From engineering to asset management. Automation in Construction, 107, 102930. doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2019.102930Shin, M., Lee, H., & Kim, H. (2018). Benefit–Cost Analysis of Building Information Modeling (BIM) in a Railway Site. Sustainability, 10(11), 4303. doi:10.3390/su10114303Barlish, K., & Sullivan, K. (2012). How to measure the benefits of BIM — A case study approach. Automation in Construction, 24, 149-159. doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2012.02.008Ham, N., Moon, S., Kim, J.-H., & Kim, J.-J. (2018). Economic Analysis of Design Errors in BIM-Based High-Rise Construction Projects: Case Study of Haeundae L Project. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 144(6), 05018006. doi:10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0001498Hong, Y., Hammad, A. W. A., Akbarnezhad, A., & Arashpour, M. (2020). A neural network approach to predicting the net costs associated with BIM adoption. Automation in Construction, 119, 103306. doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2020.10330

Virtual Blocks: a serious game for spatial ability improvement on mobile devices

This paper presents a novel spatial instruction system for improving spatial abilities of engineering students. A 3D mobile game application called Virtual Blocks has been designed to provide a 3D virtual environment to build models with cubes that help students to perform visualization tasks to promote the development of their spatial ability during a short remedial course. A validation study with 26 freshman engineering students at La Laguna University (Spain) has concluded that the training had a measurable and positive impact on students spatial ability. In addition, the results obtained using a satisfaction questionnaire show that Virtual Blocks is considered an easy to use and stimulating application.This work has been partially supported by the (Spanish) National Program for Studies and Analysis project "Evaluation and development of competencies associated to the spatial ability in the new engineering undergraduate courses" (Ref. EA2009-0025) and the (Spanish) National Science Project "Enhancing Spatial REasoning and VIsual Cognition with advanced technological tools (ESREVIC)" (Ref TIN2010-21296-C02-02)Martín Dorta, NN.; Sanchez Berriel, I.; Bravo, M.; Hernández, J.; Saorin, JL.; Contero, M. (2014). Virtual Blocks: a serious game for spatial ability improvement on mobile devices. Multimedia Tools and Applications. 73(3):1575-1595. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-013-1652-0S15751595733Baartmans BG, Sorby SA (1996) Introduction to 3-D spatial visualization. Prentice Hall, Englewood CliffsClements D, Battista M (1992) Geometry and spatial reasoning. In: Grouws DA (ed) Handbook of research on mathematics teaching and learning. New York, pp 420–464Cohen J (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, 2nd edn. Erlbaum, HillsdaleDe Lisi R, Cammarano DM (1996) Computer experience and gender differences in undergraduate mental rotation performance. Comput Hum Behav 12:351–361Deno JA (1995) The relationship of previous experiences to spatial visualization ability. Eng Des Graph J 59(3):5–17Feng J, Spence I, Pratt J (2007) Playing an action video game reduces gender differences in spatial cognition. Psychol Sci 18(10):850–855French JW (1951) The description of aptitude and achievement tests in terms of rotated factors. Psychometric monograph 5Guilford JP, Lacy JI (1947) Printed classification tests, A.A.F. Aviation Psychological Progress Research Report, 5. US. Government Printing Office, Washington DCHalpern DF (2000) Sex differences and cognitive abilities. Erlbaum, MahwahHöfele C (2007) Mobile 3D graphics: learning 3D graphics with the Java Micro Edition. Editorial ThomsonKajiya JT, Kay TL (1989) Rendering fur with three dimensional textures. In Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and interactive Techniques SIGGRAPH ’89. ACM Press, New York pp 271–280Linn MC, Petersen AC (1985) Emergence and characterization of gender differences in spatial abilities: a meta-analysis. Child Dev 56:1479–1498Martin-Dorta N, Sanchez-Berriel I, Bravo M, Hernandez J, Saorin JL, Contero M (2010) A 3D educational mobile game to enhance student’s spatial skills, ICALT, pp.6–10, 2010 10th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning TechnologiesMartin-Dorta N, Saorin J, Contero M (2008) Development of a fast remedial course to improve the spatial abilities of engineering students. J Eng Educ 27(4):505–514Martin-Dorta N, Saorin JL, Contero M (2011) Web-based spatial training using handheld touch screen devices. Educ Technol Soc 14(3):163–177McGee MG (1979) Human spatial abilities: psychometric studies and environmental, genetic, hormonal, and neurological influences. Psychol Bull 86:889–918Noguera JM, Segura RJ, Ogayar CJ, Joan-Arinyo R (2011) Navigating large terrains using commodity mobile devices. 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Biomarkers of human gastrointestinal tract regions

Dysregulation of intestinal epithelial cell performance is associated with an array of pathologies whose onset mechanisms are incompletely understood. While whole-genomics approaches have been valuable for studying the molecular basis of several intestinal diseases, a thorough analysis of gene expression along the healthy gastrointestinal tract is still lacking. The aim of this study was to map gene expression in gastrointestinal regions of healthy human adults and to implement a procedure for microarray data analysis that would allow its use as a reference when screening for pathological deviations. We analyzed the gene expression signature of antrum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and transverse colon biopsies using a biostatistical method based on a multivariate and univariate approach to identify region-selective genes. One hundred sixty-six genes were found responsible for distinguishing the five regions considered. Nineteen had never been described in the GI tract, including a semaphorin probably implicated in pathogen invasion and six novel genes. Moreover, by crossing these genes with those retrieved from an existing data set of gene expression in the intestine of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease patients, we identified genes that might be biomarkers of Crohn's and/or ulcerative colitis in ileum and/or colon. These include CLCA4 and SLC26A2, both implicated in ion transport. This study furnishes the first map of gene expression along the healthy human gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, the approach implemented here, and validated by retrieving known gene profiles, allowed the identification of promising new leads in both healthy and disease state

Beneficios del vino para la salud: argumento de venta en la formación del sommelier

En los servicios gastronómicos resulta apreciado el vino como producto que acompaña a la comida y por ser responsable de niveles superiores de satisfacción en los consumidores. Esta bebida se presenta en una amplia variedad de tipos y características, lo que en ocasiones complejiza el proceso de elección y comercialización por parte del sommelier, profesional encargado de ello. El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar referentes teóricos con relación a los beneficios del vino en la salud, en función de utilizarlos como argumentos para la venta de esta bebida. Se realizó una investigación con enfoque cualitativo apoyada en una revisión documental y el criterio de especialistas para la valoración de la pertinencia. La gestión de venta del vino se apoya en argumentos relevantes para el cliente, sin embargo, aun conociéndose la influencia positiva de esta bebida en la salud humana, no se encuentran estos criterios entre los más usados durante el referido proceso de negociación entre el consumidor y el sommelier. La revisión bibliográfica y los criterios valorados permitieron un análisis objetivo de los beneficios del vino en la salud, en función de aportar argumentos para la venta de esta bebida.PALABRAS CLAVE: formación; salud; diagnóstico; vino; competencia profesional; sommelier.Benefits of wine for health: a selling point in the sommelier’s trainingABSTRACTWine is highly appreciated in gastronomical services, as a product accompanying meal, responsible for higher levels of satisfaction within customers. This beverage is presented in a wide variety of types and characteristics, which sometimes turns selection and commercialization more complex processes on the sommelier´s side. To analyze the theoretical background in relation to the benefits of wine for health, to use them as a selling point. A qualitative approach research was carried out, based on document analysis and specialist criteria. The sales management of wine is based on relevant criteria for the customer; however, although its positive influence on human health is known, this point is not among the most frequent criteria used during the negotiation process between the customer and the specialist. The document revision permitted an actual analysis of the benefits of wine for health, to provide additional selling points for this beverage.KEYWORDS: training; health; diagnosis; wine; professional competence; sommelier

Interactive Learning Management System to Develop Spatial Visualization Abilities

An Interactive Learning Management System (ILMS) is presented, which functions as a web-based Spatial Visualization Ability (SVA) learning support tool for students of engineering graphics and as a management tool for teachers to track student learning. This software is designed to fill the gaps in student knowledge, giving them more uniform spatial visualization abilities when enrolling on University Engineering degrees. The ILMS_SVA consists of: (1) a Content Management System (CMS); (2) a preliminary level assessment test; (3) a web-based tool for exercise management and self-assessment incorporating a 3D viewer that functions as an interactive tutorial (IT), allowing the manipulation of 3D objects in every exercise; (4) a database. It is designed for three types of users (student, teacher, and administrator), and has been validated with engineering graphics students at the University of Burgos (Spain) by means of experimental trials in the classroom and a user satisfaction survey, over two academic years. The results indicate that use of this tool improved SVA among students generally and was even of greater effectiveness for those students that accessed engineering courses with no prior knowledge of Technical Drawing