20 research outputs found

    Trans-species polymorphism in immune genes at wildlife animals

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    Mezidruhový polymorfismus (TSP) je popisován jako výskyt identických či podobných alel u příbuzných druhů. TSP nezahrnuje případy, kdy podobnost vznikla konvergencí, popisuje pouze situace, kdy byl sdílený polymorfismus dceřiných druhů zděděn od společného předka. Neutrální TSP je běžným jevem doprovázejícím speciaci a s narůstající dobou od divergence obvykle vymizí. Z hlediska evoluce imunitního systému a zajištění rezistence hostitele proti parazitům je mnohem důležitější tzv. balancovaný TSP. U funkčně významných lokusů imunitních genů může být dlouhodobě udržován desítky milionů let mechanismem balancující selekce. Tato práce shrnuje soudobé poznatky o TSP imunitních genů především u volně žijících živočichů. Zabývá se evolučními faktory ovlivňujícími šíři a dobu perzistence TSP, evolučními mechanismy zdánlivě připomínajícími TSP a obtížemi stanovení TSP. Většina studií zabývajících se TSP se soustřeďuje pouze na popis sekvencí vazebných míst klasických genů hlavního histokompatibilního komplexu (MHC I a MHC II). Naše znalosti o dalších imunitních genech, u nichž můžeme potenciálně předpokládat TSP, obzvláště u genů vrozené imunity, jsou pak naprosto nedostatečné. I u nejlépe prozkoumaných MHC chybějí rozsáhlé komparativní studie s dostatečným počtem jedinců na druh, které by se snažily...Trans-species polymorphism (TSP) is described as the occurrence of identical or similar alleles in related species, excluding cases where the similarity arose by convergence. In TSP the alleles are inherited from ancestor to the descendant species. Neutral TSP is frequent in closely related newly diverged species and it gradually disappears. Considering evolution of immune system and host- pathogen interaction, balanced long-lasted TSP is much more important. Balanced TSP in immune- related genes is maintained by the mechanism of balancing selection and commonly persists for millions of years. In my thesis I map the contemporary knowledge on TSP in immune-related genes, focusing mainly on wild animals. The chief emphasis is given to evolutionary mechanisms influencing the width and age of TSP, distinguishing TSP from other TSP-like evolutionary patterns and methodical difficulties with the assignment of TSP. Presently, most articles dealing with TSP concentrate only on genotyping the Major histocompatibility loci (MHC I and MHC II), especially in the peptide binding region. Our knowledge concerning other immune genes with putative TSP is, therefore, insufficient. Most importantly, this is true for innate immunity genes. More effort should be given to comparative large-scale well-sampled studies...Department of ZoologyKatedra zoologiePřírodovědecká fakultaFaculty of Scienc

    Mikrobiota hostitele, zánětlivá imunitní odpověď a fyziologická senescence u volně žijících ptáků

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    Triggered by microbial ligands, inflammation serves as a "double-edged sword" to fight infections on the one hand, but on the other hand causing tissue damage due to oxidative stress if it is dysregulated. For example, chronic inflammation can contribute to inflammaging, which is now widely regarded as one of the causes of ageing. In my interdisciplinary dissertation, my colleagues and I investigated three interrelated aspects of inflammation, using an evolutionary framework and various free-living birds as models: (1) ecological and evolutionary determinants of gut microbiota (GM) composition and diversity, a driver of wild bird immunity, (2) diversity in immune genes affecting inflammatory responses in wild birds and (3) inflammation-related physiological senescence in a free-living passerine bird, the great tit (Parus major). Firstly, using 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding, we revealed high intra- and interspecific variation in passerine gut microbiota (GM) dominated by the major phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Although in mammals GM depends strongly on host phylogeny and diet, in birds we found only moderate effects of phylogeny and very limited effects of host geography and ecology on GM composition. While microbiota diverged between the upper and lower...Mikrobiálními ligandy vyvolaný zánět je klíčový imunologický proces, který na jedné straně zajišťuje obranyschopnost proti infekčním onemocněním, ale jeho dysregulace může vést také k oxidačnímu poškození tkání. K tomu dochází např. během chronického zánětu, který může způsobovat tzv. inflammaeging, o němž se nyní uvažuje jako o možné příčině stárnutí. Ve své multidisciplinární disertaci jsem za využití evolučně-komparativních přístupů a ptáků jako modelové skupiny zkoumal tři vzájemně propojené aspekty zánětu: (1) evoluční a ekologické determinanty vnitro- a mezidruhové variability střevní mikrobioty (SM), které ovlivňují evoluci ptačí imunity, (2) genetickou diverzitu imunitních genů ovlivňující zánětlivou imunitní odpověď u ptáků a (3) stárnutí ve fyziologických znacích spojených s tzv. inflammagingem na modelu volně žijícího pěvce, sýkory koňadry (Parus major). (1) Pomocí sekvenování bakteriální 16S rRNA jsme zjistili značnou vnitro- i mezidruhovou diverzitu ve složení SM u pěvců a dominanci taxononů z kmenů Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes. V porovnání se savčí SM, které je do velké míry determinována fylogenezí hostitele a jeho stravou, naše výsledky u pěvců ukazují pouze na středně silný vliv fylogeneze hostitele a velmi slabý vliv ekologických faktorů (potrava a...Katedra zoologieDepartment of ZoologyFaculty of SciencePřírodovědecká fakult

    Mezidruhový polymorfismus vybraných genů vrozené imunity u sýkor (Paridae)

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    Toll-like receptory jsou geneticky variabilní molekuly vrozené imunity obratlovců, které rozpoznávají tzv. struktury nebezpečí, např. struktury patogenů. Vyšetření genetické variability u TLRs může poodhalit obecné adaptace imunitního systému hostitelů proti tlaku parazitů na molekulární úrovni. Koncept mezidruhového polymorfismu (TSP) předpokládá, že několik identických alel či alelických linií je zděděno od společného předka druhů druhy dceřinými, u nichž následně mohou být dlouhodobě udržovány v polymorfním stavu. Zatímco u genů získané imunity je TSP dobře prostudován, naše znalosti o TSP v genech vrozené imunity, např. TLRs, u nichž bychom mohli TSP předpokládat, jsou nedostatečné. V této práci se proto zaměřuji na popis genetického polymorfismu ve funkčně významných oblastech TLR4 a TLR5 u 192 jedinců 20 druhů sýkor z čeledi sýkorovitých (Paridae). Tyto receptory vážou převážně bakteriální ligandy (TLR4 rozpoznává lipopolysacharid a TLR5 flagelin) a podílejí se tak na prvotní aktivaci imunity proti bakteriálním patogenům. Pro odlišení případného TSP od sdíleného polymorfismu způsobeného genovým tokem byly osekvenovány také introny šesti autosomálních neutrálních markerů. Ze získaných dat vyplývá TLRs jsou variabilní na vnitrodruhové a mezidruhové úrovni u sýkorovitých. Pozitivní selekce byla...Adaptation of host receptor system to optimal detection of infection-related structures is one of the key evolutionary challenges of immunity in host-pathogen interactions. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are genetically variable molecules of vertebrate innate immunity that recognise danger signals, e.g. pathogenic molecules. Examination of genetic variation in TLRs may reveal mechanisms of host immunity adaptation to pathogenic pressure at molecular level. Trans-species polymorphism (TSP) is a phenomenon which assumes that several identical alleles or allelic lineages are inherited from ascendant to descendant species and these may be subsequently maintained over a long period of time in a polymorphic state. Whereas in adaptive immune genes the concept of TSP is well understood, little is presently known about TSP in innate immune genes such as TLRs. In this thesis I describe genetic polymorphism in functionally-relevant regions of TLR4 and TLR5 in 192 individuals representing 20 species Paridae family (tits, chickadees and titmice). These two receptors bind mainly bacterial ligands (TLR4 detects lipopolysaccharide and TLR5 detects flagellin), being among the first ones to trigger immune response to bacterial pathogens. To differentiate presumed TSP from gene flow among species, intron sequences of six...Katedra zoologieDepartment of ZoologyPřírodovědecká fakultaFaculty of Scienc

    Mikrobiota hostitele, zánětlivá imunitní odpověď a fyziologická senescence u volně žijících ptáků

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    Mikrobiálními ligandy vyvolaný zánět je klíčový imunologický proces, který na jedné straně zajišťuje obranyschopnost proti infekčním onemocněním, ale jeho dysregulace může vést také k oxidačnímu poškození tkání. K tomu dochází např. během chronického zánětu, který může způsobovat tzv. inflammaeging, o němž se nyní uvažuje jako o možné příčině stárnutí. Ve své multidisciplinární disertaci jsem za využití evolučně-komparativních přístupů a ptáků jako modelové skupiny zkoumal tři vzájemně propojené aspekty zánětu: (1) evoluční a ekologické determinanty vnitro- a mezidruhové variability střevní mikrobioty (SM), které ovlivňují evoluci ptačí imunity, (2) genetickou diverzitu imunitních genů ovlivňující zánětlivou imunitní odpověď u ptáků a (3) stárnutí ve fyziologických znacích spojených s tzv. inflammagingem na modelu volně žijícího pěvce, sýkory koňadry (Parus major). (1) Pomocí sekvenování bakteriální 16S rRNA jsme zjistili značnou vnitro- i mezidruhovou diverzitu ve složení SM u pěvců a dominanci taxononů z kmenů Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes. V porovnání se savčí SM, které je do velké míry determinována fylogenezí hostitele a jeho stravou, naše výsledky u pěvců ukazují pouze na středně silný vliv fylogeneze hostitele a velmi slabý vliv ekologických faktorů (potrava a...Triggered by microbial ligands, inflammation serves as a "double-edged sword" to fight infections on the one hand, but on the other hand causing tissue damage due to oxidative stress if it is dysregulated. For example, chronic inflammation can contribute to inflammaging, which is now widely regarded as one of the causes of ageing. In my interdisciplinary dissertation, my colleagues and I investigated three interrelated aspects of inflammation, using an evolutionary framework and various free-living birds as models: (1) ecological and evolutionary determinants of gut microbiota (GM) composition and diversity, a driver of wild bird immunity, (2) diversity in immune genes affecting inflammatory responses in wild birds and (3) inflammation-related physiological senescence in a free-living passerine bird, the great tit (Parus major). Firstly, using 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding, we revealed high intra- and interspecific variation in passerine gut microbiota (GM) dominated by the major phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Although in mammals GM depends strongly on host phylogeny and diet, in birds we found only moderate effects of phylogeny and very limited effects of host geography and ecology on GM composition. While microbiota diverged between the upper and lower...Katedra zoologieDepartment of ZoologyPřírodovědecká fakultaFaculty of Scienc

    Understanding the evolution of immune genes in jawed vertebrates

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    Driven by co-evolution with pathogens, host immunity continuously adapts to optimize defence against pathogens within a given environment. Recent advances in genetics, genomics and transcriptomics have enabled a more detailed investigation into how immunogenetic variation shapes the diversity of immune responses seen across domestic and wild animal species. However, a deeper understanding of the diverse molecular mechanisms that shape immunity within and among species is still needed to gain insight into-and generate evolutionary hypotheses on-the ultimate drivers of immunological differences. Here, we discuss current advances in our understanding of molecular evolution underpinning jawed vertebrate immunity. First, we introduce the immunome concept, a framework for characterizing genes involved in immune defence from a comparative perspective, then we outline how immune genes of interest can be identified. Second, we focus on how different selection modes are observed acting across groups of immune genes and propose hypotheses to explain these differences. We then provide an overview of the approaches used so far to study the evolutionary heterogeneity of immune genes on macro and microevolutionary scales. Finally, we discuss some of the current evidence as to how specific pathogens affect the evolution of different groups of immune genes. This review results from the collective discussion on the current key challenges in evolutionary immunology conducted at the ESEB 2021 Online Satellite Symposium: Molecular evolution of the vertebrate immune system, from the lab to natural populations

    Host-microbiota, pro-inflammatory immunity and physiological senescence in wild birds

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    Triggered by microbial ligands, inflammation serves as a "double-edged sword" to fight infections on the one hand, but on the other hand causing tissue damage due to oxidative stress if it is dysregulated. For example, chronic inflammation can contribute to inflammaging, which is now widely regarded as one of the causes of ageing. In my interdisciplinary dissertation, my colleagues and I investigated three interrelated aspects of inflammation, using an evolutionary framework and various free-living birds as models: (1) ecological and evolutionary determinants of gut microbiota (GM) composition and diversity, a driver of wild bird immunity, (2) diversity in immune genes affecting inflammatory responses in wild birds and (3) inflammation-related physiological senescence in a free-living passerine bird, the great tit (Parus major). Firstly, using 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding, we revealed high intra- and interspecific variation in passerine gut microbiota (GM) dominated by the major phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Although in mammals GM depends strongly on host phylogeny and diet, in birds we found only moderate effects of phylogeny and very limited effects of host geography and ecology on GM composition. While microbiota diverged between the upper and lower..

    Trans-species polymorphism in selected innate immunity genes in tits (Paridae family)

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    Adaptation of host receptor system to optimal detection of infection-related structures is one of the key evolutionary challenges of immunity in host-pathogen interactions. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are genetically variable molecules of vertebrate innate immunity that recognise danger signals, e.g. pathogenic molecules. Examination of genetic variation in TLRs may reveal mechanisms of host immunity adaptation to pathogenic pressure at molecular level. Trans-species polymorphism (TSP) is a phenomenon which assumes that several identical alleles or allelic lineages are inherited from ascendant to descendant species and these may be subsequently maintained over a long period of time in a polymorphic state. Whereas in adaptive immune genes the concept of TSP is well understood, little is presently known about TSP in innate immune genes such as TLRs. In this thesis I describe genetic polymorphism in functionally-relevant regions of TLR4 and TLR5 in 192 individuals representing 20 species Paridae family (tits, chickadees and titmice). These two receptors bind mainly bacterial ligands (TLR4 detects lipopolysaccharide and TLR5 detects flagellin), being among the first ones to trigger immune response to bacterial pathogens. To differentiate presumed TSP from gene flow among species, intron sequences of six..

    Host-microbiota, pro-inflammatory immunity and physiological senescence in wild birds

    No full text
    Triggered by microbial ligands, inflammation serves as a "double-edged sword" to fight infections on the one hand, but on the other hand causing tissue damage due to oxidative stress if it is dysregulated. For example, chronic inflammation can contribute to inflammaging, which is now widely regarded as one of the causes of ageing. In my interdisciplinary dissertation, my colleagues and I investigated three interrelated aspects of inflammation, using an evolutionary framework and various free-living birds as models: (1) ecological and evolutionary determinants of gut microbiota (GM) composition and diversity, a driver of wild bird immunity, (2) diversity in immune genes affecting inflammatory responses in wild birds and (3) inflammation-related physiological senescence in a free-living passerine bird, the great tit (Parus major). Firstly, using 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding, we revealed high intra- and interspecific variation in passerine gut microbiota (GM) dominated by the major phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Although in mammals GM depends strongly on host phylogeny and diet, in birds we found only moderate effects of phylogeny and very limited effects of host geography and ecology on GM composition. While microbiota diverged between the upper and lower..

    Trans-Species Polymorphism in Immune Genes: General Pattern or MHC-Restricted Phenomenon?

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    Immunity exhibits extraordinarily high levels of variation. Evolution of the immune system in response to host-pathogen interactions in particular ecological contexts appears to be frequently associated with diversifying selection increasing the genetic variability. Many studies have documented that immunologically relevant polymorphism observed today may be tens of millions years old and may predate the emergence of present species. This pattern can be explained by the concept of trans-species polymorphism (TSP) predicting the maintenance and sharing of favourable functionally important alleles of immune-related genes between species due to ongoing balancing selection. Despite the generality of this concept explaining the long-lasting adaptive variation inherited from ancestors, current research in TSP has vastly focused only on major histocompatibility complex (MHC). In this review we summarise the evidence available on TSP in human and animal immune genes to reveal that TSP is not a MHC-specific evolutionary pattern. Further research should clearly pay more attention to the investigation of TSP in innate immune genes and especially pattern recognition receptors which are promising candidates for this type of evolution. More effort should also be made to distinguish TSP from convergent evolution and adaptive introgression. Identification of balanced TSP variants may represent an accurate approach in evolutionary medicine to recognise disease-resistance alleles

    Repeated MDA5 Gene Loss in Birds: An Evolutionary Perspective

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    Two key cytosolic receptors belonging to the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR) family sense the viral RNA-derived danger signals: RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5). Their activation establishes an antiviral state by downstream signaling that ultimately activates interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). While in rare cases RIG-I gene loss has been detected in mammalian and avian species, most notably in the chicken, MDA5 pseudogenization has only been detected once in mammals. We have screened over a hundred publicly available avian genome sequences and describe an independent disruption of MDA5 in two unrelated avian lineages, the storks (Ciconiiformes) and the rallids (Gruiformes). The results of our RELAX analysis confirmed the absence of negative selection in the MDA5 pseudogene. In contrast to our prediction, we have shown, using multiple dN/dS-based approaches, that the MDA5 loss does not appear to have resulted in any compensatory evolution in the RIG-I gene, which may partially share its ligand-binding specificity. Together, our results indicate that the MDA5 pseudogenization may have important functional effects on immune responsiveness in these two avian clades
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