Does Schooling Affect Health Behavior? Evidence from the Educational Expansion in Western Germany

During the postwar period German states pursued policies to increase the share of young Germans obtaining a university entrance diploma (Abitur) by building more academic track schools, but the timing of educational expansion differed between states. This creates exogenous variation in the availability of higher education, which allows estimating the causal effect of education on health behaviors. Using the number of academic track schools in a state as an instrumental variable for years of schooling, we investigate the causal effect of schooling on health behavior such as smoking and related outcomes such as obesity. We find large negative effects of education on smoking. These effects can mostly be attributed to reductions in starting rates rather than increases in quitting rates. We find no causal effect of education on reduced overweight and obesity.education, smoking, obesity

Borges and Piranesi

This study is lodged, somewhat awkwardly perhaps, between description and prescription. Description is used, in that it aims to represent a particular conceptual relation between Jorge Luis Borges\u27s Library of Babel short story, and the final edition, from about 1760, of Giovanni Battista Piranesi\u27s Carceri d\u27Invenzione series of engravings

TiGL - An Open Source Computational Geometry Library for Parametric Aircraft Design

This paper introduces the software TiGL: TiGL is an open source high-fidelity geometry modeler that is used in the conceptual and preliminary aircraft and helicopter design phase. It creates full three-dimensional models of aircraft from their parametric CPACS description. Due to its parametric nature, it is typically used for aircraft design analysis and optimization. First, we present the use-case and architecture of TiGL. Then, we discuss it's geometry module, which is used to generate the B-spline based surfaces of the aircraft. The backbone of TiGL is its surface generator for curve network interpolation, based on Gordon surfaces. One major part of this paper explains the mathematical foundation of Gordon surfaces on B-splines and how we achieve the required curve network compatibility. Finally, TiGL's aircraft component module is introduced, which is used to create the external and internal parts of aircraft, such as wings, flaps, fuselages, engines or structural elements

Adaptive stochastic Galerkin FEM for lognormal coefficients in hierarchical tensor representations

Stochastic Galerkin methods for non-affine coefficient representations are known to cause major difficulties from theoretical and numerical points of view. In this work, an adaptive Galerkin FE method for linear parametric PDEs with lognormal coefficients discretized in Hermite chaos polynomials is derived. It employs problem-adapted function spaces to ensure solvability of the variational formulation. The inherently high computational complexity of the parametric operator is made tractable by using hierarchical tensor representations. For this, a new tensor train format of the lognormal coefficient is derived and verified numerically. The central novelty is the derivation of a reliable residual-based a posteriori error estimator. This can be regarded as a unique feature of stochastic Galerkin methods. It allows for an adaptive algorithm to steer the refinements of the physical mesh and the anisotropic Wiener chaos polynomial degrees. For the evaluation of the error estimator to become feasible, a numerically efficient tensor format discretization is developed. Benchmark examples with unbounded lognormal coefficient fields illustrate the performance of the proposed Galerkin discretization and the fully adaptive algorithm

Feasibility of UV lasing without inversion in mercury vapor

We investigate the feasibility of UV lasing without inversion at a wavelength of $253.7$ nm utilizing interacting dark resonances in mercury vapor. Our theoretical analysis starts with radiation damped optical Bloch equations for all relevant 13 atomic levels. These master equations are generalized by considering technical phase noise of the driving lasers. From the Doppler broadened complex susceptibility we obtain the stationary output power from semiclassical laser theory. The finite overlap of the driving Gaussian laser beams defines an ellipsoidal inhomogeneous gain distribution. Therefore, we evaluate the intra-cavity field inside a ring laser self-consistently with Fourier optics. This analysis confirms the feasibility of UV lasing and reveals its dependence on experimental parameters.Comment: changes were made according to reviewer comments (accepted for publication in JOSA B

Residual entanglement of accelerated fermions is not nonlocal

We analyze the operational meaning of the residual entanglement in non-inertial fermionic systems in terms of the achievable violation of the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality. We demonstrate that the quantum correlations of fermions, which were previously found to survive in the infinite acceleration limit, cannot be considered to be non-local. The entanglement shared by an inertial and an accelerated observer cannot be utilized for the violation of the CHSH inequality in case of high accelerations. Our results are shown to extend beyond the single mode approximation commonly used in the literature.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures; v2: minor changes, reference and section headers adde

Why Omphalotus illudens (Schwein.) Bresinsky et Besl i an independent species

Per qué Omphalotus illudens (Schwein.) Bresinsky et Besi és una espècie independent. El gènere Omphalotus viu des de la zona tropical a la temperada de tot el món. Actualment, hi ha vuit espècies descrites. Dues, O. Olearius i O. Illudens viuen a Europa. Tenint en compte que aquestes dues espècies són morfològicament molt semblants, el seu estatus taxonòmic és encara matèria de controvèrsia. Aquest estudi es basa en una revisió detallada d'aquest problema: s' hi evaluen dades morfol ògiques, quimiotaxonòmiques, moleculars, i també experiments d'encreuament. Els resultats ens porten a la conclusió que O. olearius i O. Illudens són dues espècies diferents.Por qué Omphalotus illudens (Schwein.) Bresinsky et Besi es una especie independiente. El género Omplialotus es conocido de la zona tropical a la templada, en todo el mundo. Actualmente, hay ocho especies descritas. Dos de ellas, O. olearius y O. Illudens viven en Europa. Ya que estas dos especies son morfológicamentc muy similares, aún existe discusión sobre su estatus taxonómico. Este estudio proporciona una revisión detallada de este problema: los datos morfológicos, quimiotaxonómicos, moleculares, al igual que experimentos de cruzamiento, son sometidos a evaluación. Los resultados llevan a la conclusión de que O. olearius y O. Illudens son dos especies distintas.Why Omphalotus illudens (Schwein.) Bresinsky et Besi is an independent species. The genus Omphalotus is known from tropical or temperate areas all over the world. Currently, eight species are described. Two of them, O. olearius and O. illudens. occur in Europe. Since these two species are morphologically very similar, their taxonomical status is still controversial. This study provides a careful review of the problem: morphological, chemotaxo nomical, molecular data as well as data from mating experiments are evaluated. The results point to the conclusion that O. olearius and O. illudens are distinct species