Características contaminantes y posibilidades de reutilización de los baños residuales del blanqueo del algodón.

Este trabajo ha consistido en la realización de varios procesos de descrudado y blanqueo de artículos de algodón en aparatos piloto de laboratorio en las condiciones usuales de la industria. Con un doble objetivo: determinar la carga contaminante generada en cada proceso y establecer la posibilidad de reutilización de algunos efluyentes.Cette communication décrit la réalisation de plusieurs processus d'ébouillissage et de blanchiment d'articles en coton dans des appareils de laboratoire pilote dans les conditions usuelles de l'industrie. On visait a un double objectif: la détermination de la charge pollutionnante générée dans chaque processus et l'établissement de la possibilité de la réutilisation de quelques eaux résiduaires.This paper describes various scouring and bleaching processes of cotton articles carried out in laboratory pilot plants under usual industrial conditions. The aims were twofold: to determine the polluting charge generated in each process and to establish the possibility of the yield of some of the effluents.Peer Reviewe

Características contaminantes y posibilidades de reutilización de los baños residuales de la tintura de algodón.

Este trabajo ha consistido en la realización de varios procesos de tintura con colorantes directos, tina, sulfurosos y reactivos sobre popelín de algodón 100% en un Jigger de laboratorio y en las condiciones usuales en los procesos industriales, con el fin de alcanzar un doble objetivo: a) determinar la carga contaminante generada en cada proceso. b) establecer la posibilidad de reutilización de algunos efluentes.In order to determine the contaminant charge generated in each process studied and to examine the possibility of reutilization of some effluents, different dyeing processes have been carried out with direct, vat, sulphur and reactive dyes on 100% poplin cotton in a laboratory jig and with the usual conditions of industrial processes.Ce travail a consisté en la réalisation de plusieurs processus de teinture avec colorants directs, de cuve, sulfureux et réactifs sur popeline en coton 100% sur un Jigger de laboratoire et dans les conditions usuelles dans les procédés industriels, dans le but d'atteindre un double objectif: a) la determination de la charge polluante générée dans chaque processus. b) I'établissement de la possibilité de la réutilisation de quelques eaux résiduaires.Peer Reviewe

Posibilidad de reciclar las aguas residuales textiles después de un tratamiento biológico con carbón activado.

Durante catorce meses se han tratado los efluentes procedentes de una industria textil algodonera en una planta piloto de fangos activados, determinándose las curvas de rendimiento-carga másica. Posteriormente se han tratado estos mismos efluentes en tres plantas piloto de fangos activados, a las que se ha aplicado la misma carga másica; a dos de ellas se ha añadido carbón activado en polvo. Se ha observado la afluencia del carbón activado sobre el rendimiento, y sobre los microorganismos de los fangos activados. Con las aguas depuradas en las plantas piloto con y sin carbón activado, se han efectuado diversas tinturas con colorantes indigosoles y reactivos en tonos pálidos sobre tejido de popelín de algodón. Se han determinado las diferencias de color y la igualación de las tinturas. Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio realizado a escala de laboratorio, indican que con una adecuada selección de los colorantes y manteniendo un rendimiento de depuración elevado, las aguas tratadas en las plantas de fangos activados se pueden reutilizar para teñir incluso en tonos pálidos. este trabajo requiere ser confirmado en un estudio industrial realizado a mayor escala.Effluents from a cotton mill were treated over fourteen months in an activated mire pilot plant, where the curves of mass-load efficiency were established. These same effluents were later treated in three activated mire plants, al1 applying the same mass-load; ground activated carbon was added in two of these plants. The influence of activated carbon on efficiency was observed, as well as its influence on microorganisms in the activated mire. Working on purified waters, with and without activated carbon in these pilot plants, several dyeings were carried out with indigo and pale reactive colouring matters on cotton poplin. The differences in colour and the uniformity of dyes were established. The results thus obtained in this lab-scale research show that, with an adequate choice of dyes or colouring matter, and maintaining a highly efficient purification, water treated in the activated mire plants could be used again, even to dye in pale shades. This study should be confirmed by means of a large-scale industrial research.Les eaux residuaires provenant d'une industrie textile cotonniere ont été traitées, pendant quatorze mois, dans une installation pilote de boues activées et on en a déterminé les courbes rendement/charge de masse. Postérieurement, ces memes eaux résiduaires ont été traitées dans trois installations pilotes de boues activées, dans lesquelles on a appliqué la même charge de masse; dans deux de ces installations, on a ajouté du charbon activé en poudre. On a observé l'influence du charbon activé sur le rendement, ainsi que sur les microorganismes des boues activées. Avec les eaux épurées dans les installations pilotes avec ou sans charbon activé, on a effectué diverses teintures avec colorants indigosols et réactifs en tons pales sur tissu de popeline de coton. On a déterminé les différences de couleur ainsi que l'égalisation des teintures. Les résultats obtenus dans cette étude réalisée a l'échelle de laboratoire, indiquent que, avec une sélection des colorants appropriée et en amintenant un rendement d'épuration élevé, les eaux traitées dans les installations de boues activées peuvent etre utilisées meme pour la teinture en tons pales. Ce travail nécessite etre confirmé par une étude iridustrielle réalisé à une plus grande échelle.Peer Reviewe

First Impressions are More Important than Early Intervention Qualifying Broken Windows Theory in the Lab

Broken Windows: the metaphor has changed New York and Los Angeles. Yet it is far from undisputed whether the broken windows policy was causal for reducing crime. In a series of lab experiments we put two components of the theory to the test. We show that first impressions and early punishment of antisocial behaviour are independently and jointly causal for cooperativeness. The effect of good first impressions and of early vigilance cannot be explained with, but adds to, participants’ initial level of benevolence. Mere impression management is not strong enough to maintain cooperation. Cooperation stabilizes if good first impressions are combined with some risk of sanctions. Yet if we control for first impressions, early vigilance only has a small effect. The effect vanishes over time.

Clinical course of patients with adrenal incidentalomas and cortisol autonomy: a German retrospective single center cohort study

Background Adrenal incidentalomas with cortisol autonomy are associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Specific data on the clinical and biochemical course of affected patients are lacking. Methods Retrospective study from a tertiary referral centre in Germany. After exclusion of overt hormone excess, malignancy and glucocorticoid medication, patients with adrenal incidentalomas were stratified according to serum cortisol after 1 mg dexamethasone: autonomous cortisol secretion (ACS), >5.0; possible ACS (PACS), 1.9-5.0; non-functioning adenomas (NFA), ≤1.8 µg/dl. Results A total of 260 patients were enrolled (147 women (56.5%), median follow-up 8.8 (2.0-20.8) years). At initial diagnosis, median age was 59.5 (20-82) years, and median tumour size was 27 (10-116) mm. Bilateral tumours were more prevalent in ACS (30.0%) and PACS (21.9%) than in NFA (8.1%). Over time, 40/124 (32.3%) patients had a shift of their hormonal secretion pattern (NFA to PACS/ACS, n=15/53; PACS to ACS, n=6/47; ACS to PACS, n=11/24; PACS to NFA, n=8/47). However, none of the patients developed overt Cushing’s syndrome. Sixty-one patients underwent adrenalectomy (NFA, 17.9%; PACS, 24.0%; ACS, 39.0%). When non-operated patients with NFA were compared to PACS and ACS at last follow-up, arterial hypertension (65.3% vs. 81.9% and 92.0%; p<0.05), diabetes (23.8% vs. 35.6% and 40.0%; p<0.01), and thromboembolic events (PACS: HR 3.43, 95%-CI 0.89-13.29; ACS: HR 5.96, 95%-CI 1.33-26.63; p<0.05) were significantly less frequent, along with a trend towards a higher rate of cardiovascular events in case of cortisol autonomy (PACS: HR 2.23, 95%-CI 0.94-5.32; ACS: HR 2.60, 95%-CI 0.87-7.79; p=0.1). Twenty-five (12.6%) of the non-operated patients died, with higher overall mortality in PACS (HR 2.6, 95%-CI 1.0-4.7; p=0.083) and ACS (HR 4.7, 95%-CI 1.6-13.3; p<0.005) compared to NFA. In operated patients, prevalence of arterial hypertension decreased significantly (77.0% at diagnosis to 61.7% at last follow-up; p<0.05). The prevalence of cardiovascular events and mortality did not differ significantly between operated and non-operated patients, whereas thromboembolic events were significantly less frequent in the surgical treatment group. Conclusion Our study confirms relevant cardiovascular morbidity in patients with adrenal incidentalomas (especially those with cortisol autonomy). These patients should therefore be monitored carefully, including adequate treatment of typical cardiovascular risk factors. Adrenalectomy was associated with a significantly decreased prevalence of hypertension. However, more than 30% of patients required reclassification according to repeated dexamethasone suppression tests. Thus, cortisol autonomy should ideally be confirmed before making any relevant treatment decision (e.g. adrenalectomy)

The relationship between alienation and health taking into account the proposal of the three levels of social determination of health

La alienación surge, cuando el producto del trabajo del hombre, en lugar de satisfacer sus necesidades, se vuelve algo ajeno, es decir el producto cobra una existencia totalmente independiente del hombre que fue quien la produjo, una vez que ese producto cobra su independencia, se genera el trabajo alienado, a través del cual el hombre se vuelve esclavo cada vez más y más de las cosas que produce. La enajenación es un fenómeno que adquiere su forma más desplegada de manifestación en el capitalismo, donde las relaciones entre los hombres se establecen en el mercado y bajo esta división social capitalista las relaciones humanas aparecen como propiedades de las mercancías.Alienation arises, when the product of man's work, instead of satisfying his needs, becomes something alien, that is, the product takes on a totally independent existence from the man who produced it, once that product gains its independence, Alienated work is generated, through which man becomes a slave more and more to the things he produces. Alienation is a phenomenon that acquires its most deployed form of manifestation in capitalism, where relations between men are established in the market and under this social capitalist division human relations appear as properties of commodities

A lysimeter study under field conditions of nitrogen and phosphorus leaching in a turf grass crop amended with peat and hydrogel.

Golf courses represent an agricultural activitywherein grass is intensively cultivated using large quantities of fertilizers. In the present study, nitrogen and phosphorus leaching was analyzed over two years in an experimental green under actual field conditions. The green contained four plots with distinct amendments (P1: hydrogel + peat, P2: peat, P3: hydrogel, and P4: no amendment). The applied doses of nitrogen ranged from 5 to 103 kg/ha and of phosphorus from 9 to 31 kg/ha. The irrigation level varied as a function of the rainfall regime and the water requirements of grass; overall water intake varied from 1550 to 2080 mm/year. Daily, leached water volumewas calculated, and sampleswere taken for chemical analysis. Nitrogen and phosphorus mass balances were calculated for different periods based on the collected data. The plot amendedwith peat and hydrogel (P1) had reducedwater flow; the percentage of drainagewater varied from 8.4 to 29%. As a result, the dissolution and leaching of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were the lowest in comparison to the other plots. According to the calculated mass balances, the lowest leaching values were also recorded in this plot (P1), ranging from0.5 to 6.3% for N and from0.8 to 20.9% for P. The plotwithoutamendment (P4) drained the mostwater (25.9–44.8%) and leached the highest quantities of N and P, ranging from 9.1–45.7%, and 6–35.9%, respectively. The use of doubleamendments (hydrogel and peat) therefore represented optimal operating conditions for the green. Moreover, a relationship was found between increasing rates of fertilization and increasing percentages of N and P leaching as well as between higher irrigation levels and greater leaching. © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

El papel de los Rothschild en la evolución de las finanzas públicas españolas durante el siglo XIX

Este trabajo intenta analizar el papel que desempeñaron los capitales movilizados por la Casa de banca Rothschild en la financiación de los gastos del Estado español durante el Siglo XIX. Por lo tanto, se pretende aportar una cronología elemental de las relaciones de la Casa Rothschild con las finanzas públicas españolas durante todo el periodo, analizar las operaciones más significativas, cuantificar su volumen anual agregado y hacer un mínimo acercamiento a las variables coste-beneficio que entraron en juego. Para cubrir estos fines se ha contado con fuentes primarias, localizadas en los archivos de las ramas británica y francesa de los Rothschild, cuyos fondos se han contrastado con los de la Administración francesa y española y de instituciones financieras claves en el periodo, como el Banco de España.This article attempts to analyse the role that the Rothschild House played in the evolution of Spanish Public Finances along the 19th Century. Therefore, it endeavours to describe an elementary chronology of the relationships between the Spanish Government and the Rothschild House during the whole Century, analysing the main financial operations they underwrote, quantifying their annual aggregate figures and, finally, trying to comment upon the different consequences of the process above mentioned. To cover these aims, we have deployed original records from the Rothschild Archives in London and Paris, their contents having been supplemented with information from National Public Records in Spain and France, and other financial institutions, namely the Bank of Spain.Publicad