Books

LOCALISATION OF BRAIN LESIONS AND DEVELOPMENTAL FUNCTIONS*Mariani Foundation Paediatric Neurology: 9. Edited by D Riva and A Benton. Pp. vi + 165. Illustrated. £39. John Libbey & Co Ltd. 2000. ISBN 0-86196-599x.SPORTS ENDOCRINOLOGY Contemporary Endocrinology. Edited by Michelle P Warren and Naama W Constantini. Pp. x + 486. US$ 135. The Humana Press. 2000. ISBN 0-89603-586-7.SPORTS MEDICINE HANDBOOK* Edited by Roger Hackney and Angus Wallace. Pp. x + 495. Illustrated. £75. 1999. BMJ. ISBN 0-7279-1031-0

Tolerability of gefitinib in patients receiving treatment in everyday clinical practice

Gefitinib (‘Iressa’, ZD1839), an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has recently been approved in several countries for use in advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In contrast to chemotherapies, which are generally used at or near their maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), gefitinib is used at an optimal biological dose (250 mg day−1), which is substantially below its MTD, minimising the risk of adverse events without compromising efficacy. Tolerability data from the compassionate use of gefitinib in the ‘Iressa’ Expanded Access Programme support the favourable safety profile of the agent reported in Phase I and II trials. In both settings, the majority of adverse drug reactions were mild/moderate and consisted mainly of grade 1/2 diarrhoea and skin rash. Although skin rash has been suggested to predict response to gefitinib, available data do not support this hypothesis. Overall, these tolerability data demonstrate that gefitinib has a relatively benign side-effect profile and is a well-tolerated treatment option for patients with previously treated NCSLC, who currently have few alternatives

Locating Experts and Carving out the State of the Art: A Systematic Review on Industry 4.0 and Energy System Analysis

As Germany's manufacturing industry highly depends on international competitiveness, German companies must rapidly assimilate to current processes of digitization and so‐called Industry 4.0. These processes will also affect the German energy system. Understanding and predicting the implications of these changes is one of the core elements of energy system analysis. To address this issue, herein, we present a structured and systematic review of literature within the intersection of industrial digitalization in the sense of Industry 4.0 and scientific energy system analysis. The goals of this study are (1) to reveal the locations and institutions of relevant experts and (2) to carve out the current state of the art with regard to technologies that enable (digitized) industries to interact with the energy system in order to contribute to a smart energy system. Our approach is based on a systematic and reproducible keyword search using the scientific literature database Scopus. Both a quantitative evaluation and a qualitative evaluation of the relevant literature are conducted. The quantitative results are presented using GIS‐based visualizations. This facilitates us to identify the European Union as main contributor on a global level and the United Kingdom as the most prolifically publishing country within the European Union. Focusing on Germany, we find North Rhine‐Westphalia to be the most scientifically active area and Aachen/Dortmund to be the cities where most publications originate. In the qualitative, content‐based part of this review, we show that in particular sector coupling and the integration of distributed energy prosumers can lead to a working smart energy system. We demonstrate that industrial digitalization processes in the sense of Industry 4.0 can serve as enabling factor in this respect. Further, we provide extensive summaries regarding both the technological and economic potentials and challenges of different technologies in future smart energy systems. Taking all of the results into account, we outline a framework to connect the highly discussed topics of digitalized industries and smart energy systems to corresponding experts

Enhanced precipitation strengthening of multi-principal element alloys by κ- and B2-phases

Discoveries of new multi-principal element alloys (MPEAs) with outstanding performance have been challenging due to the large complexity of the compositional space. Many existing highly alloyed steels already incorporate MPEA concepts and detailed research is readily available, which can be utilized for a more efficient design approach. Inspired by this consideration, Ni- and Co-additions to the Al$_{14.6}$C$_{4.9}$Fe$_{53.6}$Mn$_{26.9}$ (at%) high‑manganese steel were assessed to introduce B2-precipitates in addition to the $κ-$carbides to increase strength. Thermodynamic screening in the Al-C-Co-Fe-Mn-Ni system was performed with a custom calphad database and combined with experimental screening to identify novel MPEAs with enhanced mechanical properties. The selected MPEAs were produced by thermo-mechanical processing and the mechanisms active during annealing and deformation were investigated experimentally. The modification with Co did not result in the formation of B2-precipitates and improved mechanical properties. The Ni-added MPEA, Al$_{14.9}$C$_{4.7}$Fe$_{49.9}$Mn$_{26.4}$Ni$_{2.1}$, revealed significant precipitation and dispersion hardening by nanoscale $κ-$ and B2-phases combined with excellent strain hardening capacity due to slip band refinement-induced plasticity (SRIP). A combination of 1 to 1.2 GPa yield strength (21.3 % increase) with a total elongation of 20 to 10 % was achieved. The chosen methodology was efficient in the design of a novel MPEA with an improved strength-ductility synergy

An Experimental Methodology for Measuring of Aerodynamic Resistances of Heavy Duty Vehicles in the Framework of European CO2 Emissions Monitoring Scheme

Due to the diversity of Heavy Duty Vehicles (HDV), the European CO2 and fuel consumption monitoring methodology for HDVs will be based on a combination of component testing and vehicle simulation. In this context, one of the key input parameters that need to be accurately defined for achieving a representative and accurate fuel consumption simulation is the vehicle's aerodynamic drag. A highly repeatable, accurate and sensitive measurement methodology was needed, in order to capture small differences in the aerodynamic characteristics of different vehicle bodies. A measurement methodology is proposed which is based on constant speed measurements on a test track, the use of torque measurement systems and wind speed measurement. In order to support the development and evaluation of the proposed approach, a series of experiments were conducted on 2 different trucks, a Daimler 40 ton truck with a semi-trailer and a DAF 18 ton rigid truck. Two different torque measurement systems (wheel rim torque sensors and half shaft torque sensors) were used for the measurements and two different vehicle tracking approaches were investigated (high precision GPS and opto-electronic barriers). Results were pooled and compared against results from similar measurements performed by the OEMs at their own proving grounds. The method was proven to be accurate. The analysis showed good repeatability and reproducibility characteristics and a good sensitivity of the method. Based on the findings it was decided that this measurement methodology is suitable and can be included in the European legislation.JRC.F.8-Sustainable Transpor

Defect formation and prevention in directed energy deposition of high-manganese steels and the effect on mechanical properties

Laser beam directed energy deposition (DED-LB) differs from other metal additive manufacturing (AM) methods as it allows high building rates and manufacturing of multi-material components via in-situ alloying. This is especially compelling in combination with high-manganese steel (HMnS), as the mechanical properties can be influenced significantly by tailoring the chemistry-dependent stacking-fault energy (SFE). In DED, this can be used to design parts based on local deformation behavior. However, the increased affinity of HMnS to oxygen causes high amounts of oxide formation in the manufactured parts, ultimately deteriorating the mechanical properties due to premature cracking. To investigate the responsible mechanisms, two sets of processing parameters resulting in varying melt pool sizes were applied to produce X30Mn23 steel with up to 1 wt% in-situ alloyed Al. The melt pool was first modeled using a finite element method (FEM) approach and correlated with microstructure evolution (OM, SEM, EDS, EBSD, APT) and mechanical properties (tensile test). Interaction of the melt pool with the atmosphere and therefore oxide formation was successfully prevented by reducing the melt pool size, making the application of HMnS in DED feasible. The crack formation by oxides and its prevention are discussed in detail. Finally, the feasibility to manufacture HMnS with an in-situ alloying approach is critically evaluated