4,622 research outputs found
Resolving 3D Disk Orientation using High-Resolution Images: New Constraints on Circumgalactic Gas Inflows
We constrain gas inflow speeds in star-forming galaxies with color gradients
consistent with inside-out disk growth. Our method combines new measurements of
disk orientation with previously described circumgalactic absorption in
background quasar spectra. Two quantities, a position angle and an axis ratio,
describe the projected shape of each galactic disk on the sky, leaving an
ambiguity about which side of the minor axis is tipped toward the observer.
This degeneracy regarding the 3D orientation of disks has compromised previous
efforts to measure gas inflow speeds. We present HST and Keck/LGSAO imaging
that resolves the spiral structure in five galaxies at redshift .
We determine the sign of the disk inclination for four galaxies, under the
assumption that spiral arms trail the rotation. We project models for both
radial infall in the disk plane and circular orbits onto each quasar sightline.
We compare the resulting line-of-sight velocities to the observed velocity
range of Mg II absorption in spectra of background quasars, which intersect the
disk plane at radii between 69 and 115 kpc. For two sightlines, we constrain
the maximum radial inflow speeds as 30-40 km s. We also rule out a
velocity component from radial inflow in one sightline, suggesting that the
structures feeding gas to these growing disks do not have unity covering
factor. We recommend appropriate selection criteria for building larger samples
of galaxy--quasar pairs that produce orientations sensitive to constraining
inflow properties.Comment: 15 pages with 8 figures and 2 tables; accepted for publication in Ap
Nurturing Self: Psychotherapeutic Implications of Women\u27s Reflections on the Meaning of their Cherished Possessions
Experiencing the importance of oneâs personal treasures is ubiquitous to the human experience, but what is the depth and meaning of this lived phenomenon? An interpretive phenomenological method was used to explore the meaning and significance of womenâs experience of their cherished personal possessions. Nine women participated in three individual semi-structured phenomenological interviews each. Interpretive analysis revealed that womenâs experience of their cherished personal possessions is one of nurturing self. Through their cherished personal possessions, women nurture their sense of self by connecting with others, affirming personal experience, supporting self through change, and cultivating a sense of self. Implications for responsive psychotherapeutic practice with women clients are identified
Memory for elements of a complex scene : binding and the influence of attention
Memory of a complex event includes a multitude of features (e.g., objects, people, and actions) as well as the overall context (e.g., going to a picnic). To recall a complex event you must bind together these features and context into an episodic memory representation. This process of binding creates the subjective experience that certain details belong together. In two experiments, I examined whether particular types of information are bound together (object-to-object, object-to-context) within a memory representation of a scene and how attention may influence this process. Participants viewed a series of scenes and their attention was drawn to some objects (focus of attention), but not others. At test, they attempted to identify previously seen objects that were cued by objects-only, context-only, or a blurred context. Exp. 1 provided evidence of object-to-object binding when the objects used as cues and targets had been in the focus of attention at encoding. Exp. 2 revealed evidence of object-to-context binding, in that context cues enhanced memory for target objects whether or not the objects had been in the focus of attention at encoding. Altogether, these studies demonstrate the importance of attentional deployment in determining which components of an episodic memory will bind together
Kinematics of Circumgalactic Gas: Feeding Galaxies and Feedback
We present observations of 50 pairs of redshift z ~ 0.2 star-forming galaxies
and background quasars. These sightlines probe the circumgalactic medium (CGM)
out to half the virial radius, and we describe the circumgalactic gas
kinematics relative to the reference frame defined by the galactic disks. We
detect halo gas in MgII absorption, measure the equivalent-width-weighted
Doppler shifts relative to each galaxy, and find that the CGM has a component
of angular momentum that is aligned with the galactic disk. No net
counter-rotation of the CGM is detected within 45 degrees of the major axis at
any impact parameter. The velocity offset of the circumgalactic gas correlates
with the projected rotation speed in the disk plane out to disk radii of
roughly 70 kpc. We confirm previous claims that the MgII absorption becomes
stronger near the galactic minor axis and show that the equivalent width
correlates with the velocity range of the absorption. We cannot directly
measure the location of any absorber along the sightline, but we explore the
hypothesis that individual velocity components can be associated with gas
orbiting in the disk plane or flowing radially outward in a conical outflow. We
conclude that centrifugal forces partially support the low-ionization gas and
galactic outflows kinematically disturb the CGM producing excess absorption.
Our results firmly rule out schema for the inner CGM that lack rotation and
suggest that angular momentum as well as galactic winds should be included in
any viable model for the low-redshift CGM.Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journa
How Gas Accretion Feeds Galactic Disks
Numerous observations indicate that galaxies need a continuous gas supply to
fuel star formation and explain the star formation history. However, direct
observational evidence of gas accretion remains rare. Using the EAGLE
cosmological hydrodynamic simulation suite, we study cold gas accretion onto
galaxies and the observational signatures of the cold gas kinematics. For EAGLE
galaxies at z=0.27, we find that cold gas accretes onto galaxies
anisotropically with typical inflow speeds between 20 km s and 60 km
s. Most of these galaxies have comparable mass inflow rates and star
formation rates, implying that the cold inflowing gas plausibly accounts for
sustaining the star-forming activities of the galaxies. As motivation for
future work to compare the cold gas kinematics with measurements from quasar
sightline observations, we select an EAGLE galaxy with an extended cold gas
disk, and we probe the cold gas using mock quasar sightlines. We demonstrate
that by viewing the disk edge-on, sightlines at azimuthal angles below
10 and impact parameters out to 60 pkpc can detect cold gas that
corotates with the galaxy disk. This example suggests cold gas disks that
extend beyond the optical disks possibly explain the sightline observations
that detect corotating cold gas near galaxy major axes.Comment: 24 pages, 16 figures; accepted by Ap
The Power of Personal Experiences : Post-Publication Experiences of Researchers Using Autobiographical Data
Although much has been written about the challenging writing process associated with autobiographical research, little is known about the post-publications consequences of using personal experience as a primary source of data. This psychology honourâs project used an online survey to investigate the question: What are researchersâ experiences and perspectives after publishing research that used autobiographical materials as the primary source of data? The participants were 13 individuals who had published at least two autobiographical peer-reviewed articles and the method was qualitative description using content analysis. Primarily positive findings were identified (e.g., career advancement, professional and personal validation, perceived strengthened relationships with others) although some participants continued to wonder about decisions related to their autobiographical publications (e.g., privacy of third parties, what content to include or exclude) and about the reactions of others (e.g., readers, loved ones). Findings underscore how using personal experience as data blurs the borders of scholarship and personal growth, and directly impacts audiences. Implications include tips for those interesting in doing autobiographical research
Morphological and Rotation Structures of Circumgalactic Mg II Gas in the EAGLE Simulation and the Dependence on Galaxy Properties
Low-ionization-state Mg II gas has been extensively studied in quasar
sightline observations to understand the cool, K gas in the
circumgalactic medium. Motivated by recent observations showing that the Mg II
gas around low-redshift galaxies has significant angular momentum, we use the
high-resolution EAGLE cosmological simulation to analyze the morphological and
rotation structures of the circumgalactic Mg II gas and examine
how they change with the host galaxy properties. Around star-forming galaxies,
we find that the Mg II gas has an axisymmetric instead of a spherical
distribution, and the axis of symmetry aligns with that of the Mg II gas
rotation. A similar rotating structure is less commonly found in the small
sample of simulated quiescent galaxies. We also examine how often Mg II gas
around galaxies selected using a line-of-sight velocity cut includes gas
physically outside of the virial radius (). For example, we
show that at an impact parameter of 100 pkpc, a km s velocity
cut around galaxies with stellar masses of -
(-) selects Mg II gas beyond the virial
radius 80% (6%) of the time. Because observers typically select Mg II gas
around target galaxies using such a velocity cut, we discuss how this issue
affects the study of circumgalactic Mg II gas properties, including the
detection of corotation. While the corotating Mg II gas generally extends
beyond , the Mg II gas outside of the virial radius
contaminates the corotation signal and makes observers less likely to conclude
that gas at large impact parameters (e.g., ) is
corotating.Comment: 26 pages with 18 figures and 3 tables; accepted for publication in
Ap
Comparison of Crystal Structures of the Tetramethylammonium and Sodium Salts of 3-Nitrophenolate
The addition of either sodium hydroxide or tetramethylammonium hydroxide to 3-nitrophenol led to orange-red crystals of sodium 3-nitrophenolate dihydrate or a complex of 3-nitrophenol and tetramethylammonium 3-nitrophenolate. For the sodium salt, 11707 Mo-Kα reflections were measured at 150 K via Bruker SMART 1-K CCD diffractometer. For the tetramethylammonium salt, 12664 Mo-Kα reflections were measured at 173 K via Bruker SMART 2-K CCD diffractometer. The unit cell of the sodium salt has: a = 6.814(1) Ă
, b = 6.5437(8) Ă
, c = 18.206(4) Ă
, ÎČ = 94.46(3)°, V = 809.4(3) Ă
3, space group = P21/n. The unit cell of the tetramethylammonium salt has: a = 23.543(4) Ă
, b = 5.636(1) Ă
, c = 16.387(3) Ă
, ÎČ = 128.513(3)°, V = 1701.4(9) Ă
3, space group = C2/c. The bond lengths of the 3-nitrophenolate moiety were statistically the same in the two crystal structures, showing that it is not affected by the cation
Cigarette Smoke Suppresses Type I Interferon-Mediated Antiviral Immunity in Lung Fibroblast and Epithelial Cells
The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of cigarette smoke on innate antiviral defense mechanisms; specifically, we examined the effects of cigarette smoke on the induction of type I interferon (IFN). We observed a dose-dependent decrease in the ability of human lung fibroblast and epithelial cells to elicit an antiviral response against a viral double-strand RNA (dsRNA) mimic, polyI:C, in the presence of cigarette smoke-conditioned medium (SCM). Mechanistically, SCM decreases the expression of IFN-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) and IFN regulatory factor-7 (IRF-7) transcripts and suppresses the nuclear translocation of key transcription factors, nuclear factor-ÎșB (NF-ÎșB) and IRF-3, after polyI:C stimulation. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the intercellular defense strategy against viral infection is also impaired. We observed a decrease in the ability of fibroblasts to elicit an antiviral state in response to IFN-ÎČ stimulation. This was associated with decreased nuclear translocation of phosphorylated Stat1 in response to IFN-ÎČ treatment. The effects elicited by SCM are reversible and are almost entirely abrogated in the presence of an antioxidant, such as glutathione. Our findings suggest that cigarette smoke affects the immediate-early, inductive, and amplification phases of the type I IFN response
Improving the care of people with dementia in general hospitals: evaluation of a whole-system train the trainer model
Background: There are concerns about the quality of care that people with dementia receive in the general hospital. Staff report a lack of confidence and inadequate training in dementia care.
Methods: A train-the-trainer model was implemented across eight acute hospital trusts in London via a large academic health and science network. Impact was evaluated using mixed methods. Data was collected at (a) Individual level: âSense of Competence in Dementia Careâ (SCID) (b) Ward level: Person Interaction and Environment (PIE) observations (c) Organisation level: use of specific tools i.e. âThis Is Meâ, (d) Systems level: numbers and types of staff trained per trust. Results were analysed with descriptive statistics and paired t-test with thematic framework analysis for PIE observations.
Results: Number of staff trained per trust ranged from 67 to 650 (total 2,020). 1,688 (85%) baseline questionnaires and 456 (27%) 3 month follow-up questionnaires were completed. Mean SCID score was 43.2 at baseline and 50.7 at follow-up (paired t-test, p<0.001). All sub-scales showed a small increase in competence, the largest being for âbuilding relationshipsâ. Organisational level data suggested increased use of carerâs passport, âThis Is Meâ documentation, dementia information leaflets, delirium screening scales and pathways. PIE observations demonstrated improved staff-patient interactions but little change in hospital environments.
Conclusions: There was a significant improvement in staffsâ sense of competence in dementia care and the quality of interactions with patients. More hospitals adopted person centred tools and pathways. Work is required to investigate if these changes improve hospital outcomes for people with dementia
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