STABILITAS PIGMEN FIKOSIANIN DARI Spirulina platensis TERMODIFIKASI FORMALDEHIDA SEBAGAI KANDIDAT SENSITIZER ALAMI

Penggunaan pigmen alami sebagai penangkap cahaya (sensitizer) dalam teknologi photovoltaic tengah berkembang. Salah satu pigmen alami yang berpotensi sebagai sensitizer adalah fikosianin dari mikroalga Spirulina platensis. Fikosianin memiliki sifat yang kurang stabil terhadap lingkungan, sehingga perlu dilakukan modifikasi untuk meningkatkan kestabilannya. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan upaya modifikasi untuk menstabilkan fikosianin terhadap cahaya dan termal menggunakan teknik crosslink. Perubahan sifat yang dianalisis meliputi karakteristik, stabilitas cahaya dan stabilitas termal. Adapun tahap penelitian meliputi modifikasi, karakterisasi, dan pengujian stabilitas cahaya dan termal. Fikosianin hasil pemurnian (PC) dimodifikasi dengan cara crosslinking menggunakan formaldehida, menghasilkan fikosianin-formaldehida (PC-F). Karakterisasi PC-F dilakukan menggunakan spektrofotometri UV-Vis, FTIR dan SDS-PAGE. Stabilitas terhadap cahaya putih menggunakan lampu putih 18 W, lampu kuning 14 W, lampu UV A 8 W, lampu UV B dan dilakukan pada waktu penyinaran yang berbeda. Stabilitas termal dilakukan pada suhu 25 ℃, 40 ℃, 50 ℃, 60 ℃ dengan waktu inkubasi selama 30 menit. Spektra UV-Vis PC-F memiliki tiga puncak pada daerah 611 nm, 360 nm dan 273 nm yang mengalami pergeseran panjang gelombang dari spektra UV-Vis PC. Perbedaan lain antara PC dan PC-F terdapat pada spektrum FTIR yaitu hanya muncul satu puncak pada daerah 1658.78 cm⁻¹ untuk gugus amida I. SDS PAGE PC-F menunjukkan satu pita yang menandakan trimer (αβ)₃ fikosianin dengan berat molekul 30,56 kDa. PC dengan modifikasi formaldehida (PC-F) menunjukkan penurunan absorbansi yang lebih besar dibandingkan PC pada penyinaran cahaya putih, UV A dan UV B masing – masing sebesar 6,28%, 16,12% dan 61,90%, namun penurunan absorbansi PC-F pada cahaya kuning lebih kecil dibandingkan PC yaitu sebesar 3,95%. PC-F meningkatkan kestabilan termal, namun belum menunjukkan peningkatan terhadap kestabilan cahaya putih, UV A dab UV B. Natural pigments as sensitizers in photovoltaic technology is developing. One of the natural pigments that has the potential as a sensitizer is phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis microalgae. However, phycocyanin has properties that are less stable to the environment, so it needs to be modified to improve its stability. In this study an attempt was made to modify to change the nature of phycocyanin to light and thermal stability using the crosslink technique. Changes in the analyzed properties include characteristics, light stability and thermal stability. The research phase includes modification, characterization, and testing of light and thermal stability. Purification results of phycocyanin (PC) were modified by crosslinking using formaldehyde, resulting in phycocyanin-formaldehyde (PC-F). PC-F characterization was performed using UV-Vis, FTIR and SDS-PAGE spectrophotometry. Stability to white light using 18 W white lights, 14 W yellow lights, UV A 8 W lamps, UV B lamps and performed at different irradiation times. Thermal stability is carried out at 25 ℃, 40 ℃, 50 ℃, 60 ℃ with an incubation time of 30 minutes. UV-Vis PC-F spectra have three peaks in the 611 nm, 343 nm and 271 nm regions which experience wavelength shifts from PC UV-Vis spectra. Another difference between PC and PC-F is found in the FTIR spectra, namely that only one peak appears in the region of 1658.78 cm⁻¹ for the amide group I. SDS PAGE PC-F shows a band indicating the trimer (αβ)₃ of phycocyanin with molecular weight is 30,56 kDa. PC with formaldehyde (PC-F) modification showed a greater decrease in absorbance compared to PC in irradiation of white light, UV A and UV B respectively by 6.28%, 16.12% and 61.90%, but decreased absorbance of PC -F in yellow light is smaller than a PC which is 3.95%. PC-F increases thermal stability, but has not shown an increase in white light stability, UV A and UV B

Antioxidant activity of panJe tea combination of pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius) and jahe (Zingiber officinale)

Herbal tea are popular because of their potential herbal medicine, a blend of herbal ingredients, promised to provide a specific purpose. The main purpose is to determine antioxidant activity in herbal teas (pandan mixed ginger) and in their infusions, as well as to obtain more complex information about the tea products. In this study, DPPH radical scavenging, H2O2 scavenging, ABTS reduction, and FRAP reduction assay were carried out. These assays are proved that the IC50 values of ginger are higher than PanJe and pandan. For DPPH scavenging, H2O2 scavenging, FRAP scavenging, ABTS reduction activities, PanJe resulted IC50 14.69 μg/mL, 27.70 μg/mL, 7.09 μg/mL, and 411.28 µg/mL, while ginger yielded IC50 7.76 μg/mL, 13.23 μg/mL, 4.94 μg/mL ,and  125.95 respectively. Otherwise, the highest total phenolic and flavonoid of panje were shown at 1.60 ± 0.26 µg QE / 100% extract and 8.67 ± 0.80 µg QE/100% extract respectively. Based on these results, PanJe, pandan and ginger are concluded as an active natural product because it exhibited antioxidant activities from two mixed compounds

Chlorogenic acid in preventing and curing ultraviolet-induced damage in human skin fibroblast as an antiaging cell model

Continuous ultraviolet (UV) irradiation stimulates the over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to cause degenerative diseases. Chlorogenic acid (CA) is found as plants antioxidant that promises medicinal effects. This study examined CA protection against UV-damage in human skin fibroblast (BJ) cells both for curative and preventive therapy. BJ cells were exposed to UV radiation and the addition of CA (6.26-100 mikro g/mL) by preventive and curative addition methods. The cells viability analysis was conducted employing MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxy-phenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) assay. CA treatment before UV exposure exhibited an increased percentage of viability cells than the positive control. In detail, the series of CA concentration (6.25, 12.5, and 25 mikro g/mL) significantly enhanced the percentage of viable cells. The addition of CA after UV exposure denoted the same results. Furthermore, the lower CA concentrations used, the higher cell viability resulted. CA at dose 6.25 mikro g/mL showed the highest viability in cells, while CA 100 mikro g/mL resulted in the lowest viability. In short, CA can preserve and treat cells from UV exposure. The outcome suggested prevention and curative on UV-induced BJ cells, and the tested concentration is applicable for further experiments

Chlorogenic acid in preventing and curing ultraviolet-induced damage in human skin fibroblast as an antiaging cell model

Continuous ultraviolet (UV) irradiation stimulates the over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to cause degenerative diseases. Chlorogenic acid (CA) is found as plants antioxidant that promises medicinal effects. This study examined CA protection against UV-damage in human skin fibroblast (BJ) cells both for curative and preventive therapy. BJ cells were exposed to UV radiation and the addition of CA (6.26-100 μg/mL) by preventive and curative addition methods. The cells viability analysis was conducted employing MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxy-phenyl)- 2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) assay. CA treatment before UV exposure exhibited an increased percentage of viability cells than the positive control. In detail, the series of CA concentration (6.25, 12.5, and 25 μg/mL) significantly enhanced the percentage of viable cells. The addition of CA after UV exposure denoted the same results. Furthermore, the lower CA concentrations used, the higher cell viability resulted. CA at dose 6.25 μg/mL showed the highest viability in cells, while CA 100 μg/mL resulted in the lowest viability. In short, CA can preserve and treat cells from UV exposure. The outcome suggested prevention and curative on UV-induced BJ cells, and the tested concentration is applicable for further experiments

Antioxidant activity of panJe tea combination of pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius) and jahe (Zingiber officinale)

Herbal tea is popular because of its potential as medicine, a combination of herbal ingredients promises to produce new colors, flavors, and tastes. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activities of an herbal tea combinations (pandan and jahe) called PanJe and compared it to the antioxidant single herbal tea namely Pandan tea (0.5 g dried pandan) and Ginger tea (2 g dried ginger). The PanJe tea was a combination of 0.5 g pandan tea and 2 g ginger tea. Pandan tea, ginger tea and PanJe tea are soaked for 5 minutes in 200 mL of boiling water. The antioxidant activities were assayed namely 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) free radical scavenger, and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay. The flavonoid content used Quercetin Equivalent (QE), while the total phenol content used Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE). DPPH, H2O2, ABTS scavenging activities and FRAP assay of PanJe tea was presented in median inhibitory concentration (IC50) value respectively 14.69, 27.70, 4.11 and 7.09%, while pandan tea resulted in IC50 value of 23.63, 27.19, 4.54 and 12.86%, and ginger tea resulted in IC50 value of 7.76, 13.23, 1.26 and 4.94%, respectively. These assays proved ginger tea had the highest antioxidant activities compared to PanJe tea and pandan tea which had the lowest antioxidant activities. Total phenolic and flavonoid of PanJe respectively were 0.035 µg GAE/mg and 0.006 µg QE/mg of PanJe tea meanwhile pandan tea respectively contain 0.002 µg GAE/mg, 0.0003 µg QE/mg of pandan tea and ginger tea contained 0.118 µg GAE/mg and 0.036 QE/mg of ginger tea. Compared to PanJe tea and pandan tea, ginger tea has the highest total phenol and flavonoid content. Conclusion ginger tea is higher antioxidant activities also a higher phenol and flavonoid content than PanJe tea

Protective effect of yacon leaves extract (Smallanthus sonchifolius(Poepp.) H. Rob) through antifibrosis, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant mechanisms toward diabetic nephropathy

Background and purpose: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a chronic kidney failure, which may lead to fatality. Mesangial cell proliferation, renal inflammation, stress oxidative, and fibrosis are involved in DN progression. Yacon leaves (Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp.) H. Rob.) contains large amounts of phenolic compounds and it has the ability to inhibit oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. Considering the potential of yacon leaves extract (YLE), it may be used for DN treatment. This research aimed to elucidate YLE’s potential as anti-DN through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antifibrosis mechanisms. Experimental approach: Mesangial cells were induced by glucose 20 mM for 5 days and treated with YLE concentrations as much as 5, 10, and 50 µg/mL. TGF-β1, TNF-α, and MDA levels were measured using the ELISA method. SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD4, and SMAD7 gene expressions were analyzed using the qRT-PCR method. Findings/Results: YLE at 5, 10, and 50 µg/mL could reduce the levels of TGF-β1, TNF-α, and MDA compared with the DN cells model. YLE could reduce gene expressions of SMAD2, SMAD3, and SMAD4 and increase SMAD7 expression. Conclusion and implications: YLE potentially mitigated diabetic nephropathy through antifibrosis, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant capacities

Antioxidant Activity of TEMON (Clitoria ternatea and Citrus sp.) as an Infused Herbal Tea

Many people around the world believed that herbal tea had a lot of antioxidants contained in it, thus it was widely drunk all over the world. However, the antioxidant capacities of herbal tea may be various because it is affected by the usage of different plants as its primary ingredient. As a result, this study examines the antioxidant activity of herbal tea made from dried Citrus sp. and Clitoria ternatea flower petals. The antioxidant potential was assessed by performing a DPPH and H2O2 scavenging activity assay on 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activity assay, total phenolic, and flavonoid content assay, ABTS reduction, and FRAP assay. This study showed that pure telang (Clitoria ternatea) herbal tea has antioxidant properties. Dried Telang (Clitoria ternatea) tea had the highest activity of antioxidants as we refer to the results of it had the highest activity value in DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assay and also had the lowest IC-50 value. Followed by TEMON infusion which showed the second-highest antioxidant activity after pure telang infusion. The decrease in antioxidant activity in the mixture of telang and lemon was due to the mixture of lemons which tended to have the lowest antioxidant activity among the three types of infusions tested. The addition of dried lemon has the aim of enhancing the flavor of the tea infusion