Following the flux of long-chain bases through the sphingolipid pathway in vivo using mass spectrometry

Sphingolipids are essential components of the plasma membrane. Their synthesis is tightly controlled by regulatory proteins, which impinge on the rate-limiting step of the pathway, the condensation of serine and palmitoyl-CoA to long-chain base (LCB). The subsequent conversion of LCB to ceramide by ceramide synthase (CerS) is also tightly regulated, because both the accumulation of LCB as well as an excess of ceramide is toxic. Here we describe an in vivo assay to monitor the flux of LCB through the sphingolipid pathway in yeast. Cells are provided with nonnatural odd-chain sphingosine analogs, C17-dihydrosphingosine or C17-phytosphingosine (PHS), and their incorporation into ceramide and more complex sphingolipids is monitored by mass spectrometry. Incorporation of C17-PHS is time and concentration dependent, is inhibited by fumonisin B1, an inhibitor of CerS, and greatly reduced in double mutant cells lacking components of the CerS, Lac1 and Lag1. The resulting C17-ceramides are further metabolized to more complex sphingolipids, inositol phosphorylceramide and mannosylinositol phosphorylceramide), indicating that the tracer can be used to decipher the regulation of later steps of the pathway. In support of this notion, we show that mutants lacking the Orm proteins, regulators of the rate-limiting step of the pathway, display increased steady-state levels of these intermediates without affecting their rate of synthesis

Adaptación a estrés osmótico en Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Caracterización genómica de factores de transcripción involucrados y represión de la biosíntesis de ergosterol

En este trabajo de tesis doctoral se ha utilizado el organismo modelo Saccharomyces cerevisiae para estudiar cómo las células eucariotas responden a nivel molecular y se adaptan eficazmente a cambios en la concentración osmótica del medio. Este hecho suscita gran interés en la industria de las fermentaciones; también en la agricultura, dado el creciente problema de salinidad de los suelos. Los resultados obtenidos a través de la utilización de técnicas bioquímicas y de biología molecular demuestran que en situaciones de estrés, las células de levadura ajustan sus niveles de ergosterol a través de la activación de una compleja cascada de regulación transcripcional. Este descubrimiento ha revelado nuevos datos que ayudan a entender mejor la homeostasis de esteroles. Este proceso es fisiológicamente similar al que ocurre en células de mamíferos, donde es fundamental mantener los lípidos a niveles óptimos, ya que alteraciones en los mismos pueden dar lugar a enfermedades como la obesidad, diabetes tipo 2 o arterioesclerosis. Por otra parte, muchas infecciones fúngicas en individuos inmunodeprimidos se tratan mediante el empleo de drogas que actúan sobre enzimas de la ruta de biosíntesis de ergosterol, lo que sostiene la relevancia del estudio de la regulación de la síntesis de este lípido de membrana. Por último, el análisis genómico mediante ensayos ChIP-Chip y ChIP-Seq de algunos de los principales reguladores implicados en la compleja respuesta a estrés osmótico, aporta nueva información para comprender cómo los organismos, a través de la evolución, han organizado diferentes -pero estrechamente vinculados- módulos de regulación para hacer frente rápidamente a situaciones de estrés.Martínez Montañés, FV. (2010). Adaptación a estrés osmótico en Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Caracterización genómica de factores de transcripción involucrados y represión de la biosíntesis de ergosterol [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/9311Palanci

Accumulation of long-chain bases in yeast promotes their conversion to a long-chain base vinyl ether

Long-chain bases (LCBs) are the precursors to ceramide and sphingolipids in eukaryotic cells. They are formed by the action of serine palmitoyl-CoA transferase (SPT), a complex of integral membrane proteins located in the endoplasmic reticulum. SPT activity is negatively regulated by Orm proteins to prevent the toxic overaccumulation of LCBs. Here we show that overaccumulation of LCBs in yeast results in their conversion to a hitherto undescribed LCB derivative, an LCB vinyl ether. The LCB vinyl ether is predominantly formed from phytosphingosine (PHS) as revealed by conversion of odd chain length tracers C17-dihydrosphingosine and C17- PHS into the corresponding LCB vinyl ether derivative. PHS vinyl ether formation depends on ongoing acetyl-CoA synthesis, and its levels are elevated when the LCB degradative pathway is blocked by deletion of the major LCB kinase, LCB4, or the LCB phosphate lyase, DPL1. PHS vinyl ether formation thus appears to constitute a shunt for the LCB phosphate- and lyase-dependent degradation of LCBs. Consistent with a role of PHS vinyl ether formation in LCB detoxification, the lipid is efficiently exported from the cells

PKA-chromatin association at stress responsive target genes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Gene expression regulation by intracellular stimulus-activated protein kinases is essential for cell adaptation to environmental changes. There are three PKA catalytic subunits in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Tpk1, Tpk2, and Tpk3 and one regulatory subunit: Bcy1. Previously, it has been demonstrated that Tpk1 and Tpk2 are associated with coding regions and promoters of target genes in a carbon source and oxidative stress dependent manner. Here we studied five genes, ALD6, SED1, HSP42, RPS29B, and RPL1B whose expression is regulated by saline stress. We found that PKA catalytic and regulatory subunits are associated with both coding regions and promoters of the analyzed genes in a stress dependent manner. Tpk1 and Tpk2 recruitment was completely abolished in catalytic inactive mutants. BCY1 deletion changed the binding kinetic to chromatin of each Tpk isoform and this strain displayed a deregulated gene expression in response to osmotic stress. In addition, yeast mutants with high PKA activity exhibit sustained association to target genes of chromatin-remodeling complexes such as Snf2-catalytic subunit of the SWI/SNF complex and Arp8-component of INO80 complex, leading to upregulation of gene expression during osmotic stress. Tpk1 accumulation in the nucleus was stimulated upon osmotic stress, while the nuclear localization of Tpk2 and Bcy1 showed no change. We found that each PKA subunit is transported into the nucleus by a different β-karyopherin pathway. Moreover, β-karyopherin mutant strains abolished the chromatin association of Tpk1 or Tpk2, suggesting that nuclear localization of PKA catalytic subunits is required for its association to target genes and properly gene expression

Yeast Svf1 binds ceramides and contributes to sphingolipid metabolism at the ER cis-Golgi interface

Ceramides are essential precursors of complex sphingolipids and act as potent signaling molecules. Ceramides are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and receive their head-groups in the Golgi apparatus, yielding complex sphingolipids (SPs). Transport of ceramides between the ER and the Golgi is executed by the essential ceramide transport protein (CERT) in mammalian cells. However, yeast cells lack a CERT homolog, and the mechanism of ER to Golgi ceramide transport remains largely elusive. Here, we identified a role for yeast Svf1 in ceramide transport between the ER and the Golgi. Svf1 is dynamically targeted to membranes via an N-terminal amphipathic helix (AH). Svf1 binds ceramide via a hydrophobic binding pocket that is located in between two lipocalin domains. We showed that Svf1 membrane-targeting is important to maintain flux of ceramides into complex SPs. Together, our results show that Svf1 is a ceramide binding protein that contributes to sphingolipid metabolism at Golgi compartments

Yeast Integral Membrane Proteins Apq12, Brl1, and Brr6 Form a Complex Important for Regulation of Membrane Homeostasis and Nuclear Pore Complex Biogenesis

Proper functioning of intracellular membranes is critical for many cellular processes. A key feature of membranes is their ability to adapt to changes in environmental conditions by adjusting their composition so as to maintain constant biophysical proper- ties, including fluidity and flexibility. Similar changes in the biophysical properties of membranes likely occur when intracellular processes, such as vesicle formation and fusion, require dramatic changes in membrane curvature. Similar modifications must also be made when nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are constructed within the existing nuclear membrane, as occurs during in- terphase in all eukaryotes. Here we report on the role of the essential nuclear envelope/endoplasmic reticulum (NE/ER) protein Brl1 in regulating the membrane composition of the NE/ER. We show that Brl1 and two other proteins characterized previous- ly—Brr6, which is closely related to Brl1, and Apq12—function together and are required for lipid homeostasis. All three trans- membrane proteins are localized to the NE and can be coprecipitated. As has been shown for mutations affecting Brr6 and Apq12, mutations in Brl1 lead to defects in lipid metabolism, increased sensitivity to drugs that inhibit enzymes involved in lipid synthesis, and strong genetic interactions with mutations affecting lipid metabolism. Mutations affecting Brl1 or Brr6 or the absence of Apq12 leads to hyperfluid membranes, because mutant cells are hypersensitive to agents that increase membrane flu- idity. We suggest that the defects in nuclear pore complex biogenesis and mRNA export seen in these mutants are consequences of defects in maintaining the biophysical properties of the NE

Activator and repressor functions of the Mot3 transcription factor in the osmostress response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

[EN] Mot3 and Rox1 are transcriptional repressors of hypoxic genes. Both factors recently have been found to be involved in the adaptive response to hyperosmotic stress, with an important function in the adjustment of ergosterol biosynthesis. Here, we determine the gene expression profile of a mot3 rox1 double mutant under acute osmostress at the genomic scale in order to identify the target genes affected by both transcription factors upon stress. Unexpectedly, we find a specific subgroup of osmostress-inducible genes to be under positive control of Mot3. These Mot3-activated stress genes also depend on the general stress activators Msn2 and Msn4. We confirm that both Mot3 and Msn4 bind directly to some promoter regions of this gene group. Further-more, osmostress-induced binding of the Msn2 and Msn4 factors to these target promoters is severely affected by the loss of Mot3 function. The genes repressed by Mot3 and Rox1 preferentially encode proteins of the cell wall and plasma membrane. Cell conjugation was the most significantly enriched biological process which was negatively regulated by both factors and by osmotic stress. The mating response was repressed by salt stress dependent on Mot3 and Rox1 function. Taking our findings together, the Mot3 transcriptional regulator has unanticipated diverse functions in the cellular adjustment to osmotic stress, including transcriptional activation and modulation of mating efficiency.This work was supported by grants BFU2008-00271 and BFU2011-23326 from the Ministry of Science and Innovation (Madrid, Spain). F. Martinez-Montanes was supported by an FPI predoctoral fellowship from the Ministry of Science and Innovation (Madrid, Spain).Martínez Montañés, FV.; Rienzo, A.; Poveda Huertes, D.; Pascual-Ahuir Giner, MD.; Proft, MH. (2013). Activator and repressor functions of the Mot3 transcription factor in the osmostress response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eukaryotic Cell. 12(5):636-647. https://doi.org/10.1128/EC.00037-13S63664712

Resumen ejecutivo del documento de consenso sobre el manejo de la patología renal en pacientes con infección por VIH

El objetivo de este documento es actualizar las recomendaciones sobre la evaluación y el manejo de la afectación renal en pacientes con infección por el VIH del año 2010. La función renal debe monitorizarse en todos los pacientes e incluir la medida de la concentración sérica de creatinina, la estimación del filtrado glomerular (ecuación CKD-EPI), la medida del cociente proteína/creatinina en orina y un sedimento urinario. El estudio básico de la función tubular ha de incluir la concentración sérica de fosfato y la tira reactiva de orina (glucosuria). En ausencia de alteraciones, el cribado será anual. En pacientes tratados con tenofovir o con factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de enfermedad renal crónica (ERC), se recomienda una evaluación más frecuente. Se debe evitar el uso de antirretrovirales potencialmente nefrotóxicos en pacientes con ERC o factores de riesgo para evitar su progresión. También se revisan las indicaciones de la biopsia renal, cuándo enviar el paciente al nefrólogo y las indicaciones, evaluación y manejo del paciente en diálisis o del trasplante renal

La Alpujarra. Paisaje cultural

La presente Unidad Didáctica va dirigida a escolares de educación secundaria siguiendo el currículo básico del Real Decreto 1631/2006, de 29 de diciembre, por el que se establecen las enseñanzas mínimas correspondientes a la Educación Secundaria Obligatoria, (BOE de 5-1-2007) y Orden de 10-8-2007, por la que se desarrolla el currículo correspondiente a la Educación Secundaria Obligatoria en Andalucía. (BOJA de 30-8-2007), con lo cual las actividades se adaptan al alumnado cuya edad esté comprendida entre 12 y 16 años. La UD debe entenderse como una herramienta de formación personal, y de adquisición de conocimientos relacionados con el territorio en el que viven, con el objetivo de proporcionar autonomía personal para acceder a aprendizajes futuros y facilitadora del desarrollo integral de la persona.Las actividades no deben restringirse a una acción puntual, ni considerarlas como una actividad extraescolar y lúdica, ya que el objetivo es incluir dichas temáticas relacionadas con el territorio de la Alpujarra en el temario general del curso y de manera transversal en las diferentes asignaturas.La Unidad Didáctica “La Alpujarra, Paisaje Cultural” se ha realizado en el marco del proyecto europeo “MEditerranean MOuntainous LAndscapes. una aproximación histórica al patrimonio cultural basada en los agrosistemas tradicionales” financiado por el Séptimo Programa Marco de Investigación, Desarrollo Tecnológico y Demostración de la Unión Europea, bajo el acuerdo de subvención nº613265