Mecanismos moleculares mediados por células fagocíticas en la aspergilosis invasiva

Los hongos del género Aspergillus afectan sobre todo al tejido pulmonar, presentándose cuando la integridad del sistema inmune del hospedero se ve comprometida. El organismo en condiciones de inmunocompetencia se vale para controlar la infección tanto de defensas mecánicas, enzimas y la acción de células del sistema inmune innato y respuestas adaptativas. Los neutrófilos, macrófagos y células dendríticas son de fundamental importancia como células efectoras antifúngicas, poseen receptores de superficie como TLR, Dectina-1, DC-SIGN y receptor de manosa (MR) que reconocen estructuras micóticas y desencadenan respuestas específicas. TLR y Dectina-1, son los más estudiados para esta interacción. Los TLR son los responsables de la producción y liberación de citocinas y Dectina-1 es fundamental en la fagocitosis de la partícula reconocida y la producción de ROS. DC-SIGN es el receptor esencial para el reconocimiento de las esporas de Aspergillus spp. por células dendríticas y macrófagos, y se encuentra presente en células pulmonares con actividad fagocítica. El MR reconoce estructuras micóticas después de la internalización del hongo y promueve la liberación de una amplia variedad de citocinas. Las citocinas mejor estudiadas y cuyo papel es crucial en la respuesta contra Aspergillus spp. son TNF-α, IFN-γ e IL-12. En el presente trabajo, se revisaron los principales mecanismos moleculares relacionados con los receptores presentes en las células fagocíticas implicadas en el reconocimiento de Aspergillus spp. La comprensión de la respuesta inmune en situaciones de inmunocompetencia y su comparación en organismos inmunodeficientes podría proporcionar alternativas que permitan el control de la aspergilosis invasiva

Propuesta para la creación de una empresa elaboradora de donas en el Distrito Federal.

TESINA A7.182

Molecular half-full mechanisms by phagocityc cells on invasive Aspergilosis Mecanismos moleculares mediados por células fagocíticas en la aspergilosis invasiva

Summary Fungus from the Aspergillus genus mainly affects lung tissue, occurring when the integrity of the host immune system is compromised. The human body uses immunocompetence conditions from mechanical and enzymatic defenses and the action of the innate immune system cells and also uses adaptive responses to control infection. Neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells are critical as antifungal effector cells possess surface receptors that recognize fungal structures and trigger specific responses. TLRs and Dectin-1 the most studied for this interaction. TLRs are responsible for the production and release of cytokines and Dectin-1 is essential in the phagocytosis of the particle recognition and production of ROS. The best-studied cytokines and its crucial role in the response to Aspergillus spp. are TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-12. In this work, we reviewed the main mechanisms related to molecular receptors on phagocytic cells involved in the recognition of Aspergillus spp. Understanding the immune response in situations of immunocompetence and its comparison in immunodeficient organisms could provide alternatives to control invasive aspergillosis. Resumen Los hongos del género Aspergillus afectan sobre todo al tejido pulmonar, presentándose cuando la integridad del sistema inmune del hospedero se ve comprometida. El organismo en condiciones de inmunocompetencia se vale para controlar la infección tanto de defensas mecánicas, enzimas y la acción de células del sistema inmune innato y respuestas adaptativas. Los neutrófilos, macrófagos y células dendríticas son de fundamental importancia como células efectoras antifúngicas, poseen receptores de superficie como TLR, Dectina-1, DC-SIGN y receptor de manosa (MR) que reconocen estructuras micóticas y desencadenan respuestas específicas. TLR y Dectina-1, son los más estudiados para esta interacción. Los TLR son los responsables de la producción y liberación de citocinas y Dectina-1 es fundamental en la fagocitosis de la partícula reconocida y la producción de ROS. DC-SIGN es el receptor esencial para el reconocimiento de las esporas de Aspergillus spp. por células dendríticas y macrófagos, y se encuentra presente en células pulmonares con actividad fagocítica. El MR reconoce estructuras micóticas después de la internalización del hongo y promueve la liberación de una amplia variedad de citocinas. Las citocinas mejor estudiadas y cuyo papel es crucial en la respuesta contra Aspergillus spp. son TNF-α, IFN-γ e IL-12. En el presente trabajo, se revisaron lo

Ordenación territorial: una revisión desde los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible

Esta obra está integrad por diecisiete capítulos de libro que se organizan en tres partes: los servicios ecosistémicos; vulnerabilidad; y sostenibilidad, en el marco de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible

Measurement of the impact-parameter dependent azimuthal anisotropy in coherent ρ0 photoproduction in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV

The first measurement of the impact-parameter dependent angular anisotropy in the decay of coherently photoproduced ρ0 mesons is presented. The ρ0 mesons are reconstructed through their decay into a pion pair. The measured anisotropy corresponds to the amplitude of the cos(2ϕ) modulation, where ϕ is the angle between the two vectors formed by the sum and the difference of the transverse momenta of the pions, respectively. The measurement was performed by the ALICE Collaboration at the LHC using data from ultraperipheral Pb−Pb collisions at a center-of-mass energy of sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV per nucleon pair. Different impact-parameter regions are selected by classifying the events in nuclear-breakup classes. The amplitude of the cos(2ϕ) modulation is found to increase by about one order of magnitude from large to small impact parameters. Theoretical calculations, which describe the measurement, explain the cos(2ϕ) anisotropy as the result of a quantum interference effect at the femtometer scale that arises from the ambiguity as to which of the nuclei is the source of the photon in the interaction

Charm production and fragmentation fractions at midrapidity in pp collisions at √s = 13 TeV

Measurements of the production cross sections of prompt D0, D+, D∗+, D+s, Λ+c, and Ξ+c charm hadrons at midrapidity in proton−proton collisions at s√=13 TeV with the ALICE detector are presented. The D-meson cross sections as a function of transverse momentum (pT) are provided with improved precision and granularity. The ratios of pT-differential meson production cross sections based on this publication and on measurements at different rapidity and collision energy provide a constraint on gluon parton distribution functions at low values of Bjorken-x (10−5−10−4). The measurements of Λ+c (Ξ+c) baryon production extend the measured pT intervals down to pT=0(3)~GeV/c. These measurements are used to determine the charm-quark fragmentation fractions and the cc¯¯ production cross section at midrapidity (|y|<0.5) based on the sum of the cross sections of the weakly-decaying ground-state charm hadrons D0, D+, D+s, Λ+c, Ξ0c and, for the first time, Ξ+c, and of the strongly-decaying J/psi mesons. The first measurements of Ξ+c and Σ0,++c fragmentation fractions at midrapidity are also reported. A significantly larger fraction of charm quarks hadronising to baryons is found compared to e+e− and ep collisions. The cc¯¯ production cross section at midrapidity is found to be at the upper bound of state-of-the-art perturbative QCD calculations

Investigating the nature of the K∗0(700) state with π±K0S correlations at the LHC

The first measurements of femtoscopic correlations with the particle pair combinations π±K0S in pp collisions at s√=13 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are reported by the ALICE experiment. Using the femtoscopic approach, it is shown that it is possible to study the elusive K∗0(700) particle that has been considered a tetraquark candidate for over forty years. Boson source parameters and final-state interaction parameters are extracted by fitting a model assuming a Gaussian source to the experimentally measured two-particle correlation functions. The final-state interaction is modeled through a resonant scattering amplitude, defined in terms of a mass and a coupling parameter, decaying into a π±K0S pair. The extracted mass and Breit-Wigner width, derived from the coupling parameter, of the final-state interaction are found to be consistent with previous measurements of the K∗0(700). The small value and increasing behavior of the correlation strength with increasing source size support the hypothesis that the K∗0(700) is a four-quark state, i.e. a tetraquark state. This latter trend is also confirmed via a simple geometric model that assumes a tetraquark structure of the K∗0(700) resonance

Charged-particle production as a function of the relative transverse activity classifier in pp, p–Pb, and Pb–Pb collisions at the LHC

Measurements of charged-particle production in pp, p−Pb, and Pb−Pb collisions in the toward, away, and transverse regions with the ALICE detector are discussed. These regions are defined event-by-event relative to the azimuthal direction of the charged trigger particle, which is the reconstructed particle with the largest transverse momentum (ptrigT) in the range 8<ptrigT<15 GeV/c. The toward and away regions contain the primary and recoil jets, respectively; both regions are accompanied by the underlying event (UE). In contrast, the transverse region perpendicular to the direction of the trigger particle is dominated by the so-called UE dynamics, and includes also contributions from initial- and final-state radiation. The relative transverse activity classifier, RT=NTch/⟨NTch⟩, is used to group events according to their UE activity, where NTch is the charged-particle multiplicity per event in the transverse region and ⟨NTch⟩ is the mean value over the whole analysed sample. The energy dependence of the RT distributions in pp collisions at s√=2.76, 5.02, 7, and 13 TeV is reported, exploring the Koba-Nielsen-Olesen (KNO) scaling properties of the multiplicity distributions. The first measurements of charged-particle pT spectra as a function of RT in the three azimuthal regions in pp, p−Pb, and Pb−Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV are also reported. Data are compared with predictions obtained from the event generators PYTHIA 8 and EPOS LHC. This set of measurements is expected to contribute to the understanding of the origin of collective-like effects in small collision systems (pp and p−Pb)

Multiplicity dependence of charged-particle intra-jet properties in pp collisions at √s = 13 TeV

The first measurement of the multiplicity dependence of intra-jet properties of leading charged-particle jets in proton-proton (pp) collisions is reported. The mean charged-particle multiplicity and jet fragmentation distributions are measured in minimum-bias and high-multiplicity pp collisions at s√ = 13 TeV using the ALICE detector. Jets are reconstructed from charged particles produced in the midrapidity region (|η|<0.9) using the sequential recombination anti-kT algorithm with jet resolution parameters R = 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 for the transverse momentum (pT) interval 5−110 GeV/c. High-multiplicity events are selected by the forward V0 scintillator detectors. The mean charged-particle multiplicity inside the leading jet cone rises monotonically with increasing jet pT in qualitative agreement with previous measurements at lower energies. The distributions of jet fragmentation functions zch and ξch are measured for different jet-pT intervals. Jet-pT independent fragmentation of leading jets is observed for wider jets except at high- and low-zch. The observed "hump-backed plateau" structure in the ξch distribution indicates suppression of low-pT particles. In high-multiplicity events, an enhancement of the fragmentation probability of low-zch particles accompanied by a suppression of high-zch particles is observed compared to minimum-bias events. This behavior becomes more prominent for low-pT jets with larger jet radius. The results are compared with predictions of QCD-inspired event generators, PYTHIA 8 with Monash 2013 tune and EPOS LHC. It is found that PYTHIA 8 qualitatively reproduces the jet modification in high-multiplicity events except at high jet pT. These measurements provide important constraints to models of jet fragmentation