Análisis genético conjunto de caracteres de supervivencia y producción

Resumen Los caracteres de supervivencia han tomado relevancia en los últimos años en los esquemas de mejora de las especies domésticas. Estos caracteres son, a diferencia de los caracteres productivos convencionales tratados en la mejora genética, de tipo no lineal, baja heredabilidad y han requerido durante estas últimas décadas un desarrollo metodológico específico. La metodología empleada se basa en una tradición científica que nació en el siglo XIX en el campo de la epidemiología. En la situación actual los modelos de supervivencia están satisfactoriamente desarrollados incluso al nivel de ser incorporados en la evaluaciones genéticas rutinarias. Actualmente uno de los problemas asociados a la incorporación de los caracteres de supervivencia en la selección del ganado es que la metodología disponible no permite claramente combinar caracteres de supervivencia con caracteres productivos, que en su mayoría siguen una distribución normal. El tratamiento conjunto de ambos tipos de caracteres se hace muy necesario debido a que la baja heredabilidad de los caracteres de supervivencia lleva implícita la baja precisión de las estimaciones. La dificultad intrínseca de este tipo de modelos multivarian-tes es que no existe una distribución conjunta susceptible de ser marginalizada respetando las propiedades de los modelos de supervivencia y producción simultáneamente. Este es el motivo por el que se han planteado diversas soluciones que son incompatibles ya en la misma asunción del mecanismo generador de los datos. Por si esto fuera poco, existe el problema de abordar como se correlacionan los residuos normales del carácter productivo y los residuos no gausianos del carácter de supervivencia. Ante este panorama el trabajo desarrollado en esta tesis doctoral consiste en proponer una nueva definición del mecanismo generador de los datos en términos de modelos recursivos. Tratamos de definir condicionalmente un carácter respecto al otro de modo que al menos uno de ellos conserve las propiedades propias de su distribución. Este es un modo de evitar el problema del desconocimiento de una distribución conjunta. Por otro lado, se usa la recursividad como medio de relación fenotípica entre caracteres, para así introducir una perturbación que evite una definición explícita de correlación residual. El método planteado se desarrolla analíticamente y se comprueba su idoneidad mediante datos simulados. Se plantean dos modelos que difieren en el sentido de la recursividad. Para cada uno de los casos se simularon siete situaciones difiriendo en la correlación genética. De este modo se pretende observar la influencia de la correlación genética en la Habilidad de los resultados del carácter de supervivencia. Si la supervivencia se condiciona a la producción nos encontramos con que una correlación genética alta no ayuda en el análisis. Si la producción esta condicionada a la supervivencia correlaciones negativas no mejoran el análisis. En cualquier caso, el carácter que queda definido independientemente se estima de una manera satisfactoria. Por otro lado disponer de un análisis multivariante incluyendo ambos caracteres es una herramienta indispensable para calcular las correlaciones genéticas calculadas. La herramienta desarrollada en esta tesis permite obtener unas estimaciones de la correlaciones genéticas entre caracteres de supervivencia y producción. Mas allá del método empleado lo fundamental es estudiar si realmente existe una relación entre los genes de los caracteres de producción y de supervivencia, ya sea por pleiotropía o mediante ligamiento. Abstract In recent years, the interest on the survival traits have increased in breeding schemes to improve the domestic species. These traits are, unlike the conven-tional production traits usually considered in animal breeding, nonlinear, with low heritability and during the last decades have required specific methodologi-cal development. The methodology used is based on a scientific tradition that started at the nineteenth century in the field of epidemiology. Actually, survival models have been successfully developed up to the level of being incorporated into the routine of genetic evaluations. Currently one of the problems associated with the incorporation of the survival traits in the selection of livestock is that the available methodology to combine traits does not clearly allow both survival and productive traits, most of whom follow a normal distribution. The joint analysis of both types of traits is very necessary because the low heritability of survival traits implies low ac-curacy of the estimates. The inherent difficulty of such multivariate models is that there is no joint distribution capable of being marginalized keeping the properties of the models of survival and production simultaneously. This is the reason why we have raised a different number of solutions that are incompatible between them, even from the asumption of the data generating mechanism. Further, how to deal with correlated residuals of a normal productive trait and a non gaussian of survival trait is a problem here. Given the circumstanc.es, this thesis is aimed to propose a new definition of the data generation mechanism in terms of recursive models . We try to define a trait conditionally with respect to another trait, so that at least one of them retain the properties of its own distribution. This is a way to avoid the problem of an unknown joint distribution. On the other hand, is used as a way of recursion phenotypic relationship between traits, so to include a noise that avoid an explicit definition of residual correlation. The method was raised analytical development and tested their performances by using simulated data. There are two models that differ in terms of recursi- veness. For each of both cases, seven data sets were simulated differing in the genetic correlation. Thus it is intended to note the influence of genetic correla-tion in the reliability of the results of the nature of survival. If the survival trait depends on the production thait, a high genetic correlation did not help in the analysis. Whether the production trait is defined conditionally on the survival one, then the negative correlations do not improve analysis. In any case, the trait defined independently was estimated in a satisfactory manner. On the other hand, have a multivariate analysis including both traits is an indispensable tool for calculating genetic correlations . The tool developed in this thesis provides estimates of the genetic correlations between survival traits and production traits. Irrespective of the method used, it is basic to study whether the relationship between production and survival genes, either by pleiotropy or by linkage

New taxonomic arrangement of the subgenus Elongasida Escalera, 1906 of the genus Alphasida Escalera, 1905 (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae)

[ES] Como consecuencia de nuestra actual remodelación taxonómica de la tribu Asidini, la composición específica y la posición sistemática de los subgéneros Elongasida Escalera, 1906 y Pseudoelongasida Escalera, 1922, habían ya cambiado en relación con lo señalado en el último Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera de Löbl & Smetana. El subgénero Elongasida ha perdido las especies A. asperata Solier, 1836 y A. inesperata Escalera, 1921 incorporadas al subgénero Glabrasida y el subgénero Pseudoelongasida ha pasado de ser un subgénero del género Asida a ser un subgénero del género Alphasida, recuperando como válida la especie A. tenuecostata Fairmaire, 1880 que había sido considerada antes incertae sedis. En este trabajo se hace una revisión de los dos subgéneros y se propone la fusión de ambos en el único subgénero Elongasida, que se convertiría así en ibérico-marroquí. Pseudoelongasida pasa a ser nova synonymia y el nuevo subgénero resultante de la fusión cuenta con 12 especies: las 2 norteafricanas, las 8 ibéricas ya conocidas y 2 especies nuevas descritas aquí, conservadas como nomen in litteris en las colecciones del MNCN de Madrid: Alphasida (Elongasida) levantina sp. nov. y Alphasida (Elongasida) moroderi sp. nov.[EN] As a consequence of our current taxonomic remodeling of the Asidini tribe we are doing, the specific composition and systematic position of the subgenres Elongasida Escalera, 1906 and Pseudoelongasida Escalera, 1922, they had already changed in relation to what was pointed out in the last Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera from Löbl & Smetana. Elongasida has lost the species A. asperata Solier, 1836 and A. inesperata Escalera, 1921 incorporated to subgenre Glabrasida and subgenre Pseudoelongasida has gone from being a subgenre of genre Asida to be a subgenre of genre Alphasida, recovering like valid the species A. tenuecostata Fairmaire, 1880 that had been previously considered incertae sedis. In this work a revision of the two subgenera is made and it is proposed the fusion of both in the unique subgenre Elongasida that would become Iberian-Moroccan. Pseudoelongasida becomes a new synonymia and the new subgenus resulting from the fusion has twelve species: two North Africans, eight Iberians already known and two new species described here, preserved as nomen in litteris in the collections of MNCN of Madrid: Alphasida (Elongasida) levantina sp. nov. and Alphasida (Elongasida) moroderi sp. nov.Peer reviewe

Modelos de Gestión y Desarrollo Territorial de nivel local y departamental en Paraguay.

Este trabajo presenta una serie de recomendaciones en torno a la mejora de la planificación y gestión del desarrollo, recomendaciones que son aplicables desde una perspectiva multiescalar referente a los niveles de Gobierno nacional, departamental y municipal.CONACYT - Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologíaPROCIENCI

Copyright literacy and LIS education: analysis of its inclusion in the curricula of master's degree programs

1-7[EN] The close relationship between copyright laws and the development of library activities has become more intense and complex in recent years due to the impact of the digital setting. For this reason, librarians must have adequate knowledge about copyright, whether it be to carry out their own functions and tasks, or to help co-workers and users as efficiently as possible. The aim of the present paper is to determine the type of copyright instruction offered, plus its focus and depth, to students of master's programs in library and information studies at today's outstanding universities in this field. The results show that very few LIS programs provide the minimal training required for professionals to be copyright literate. Very few courses are dedicated specifically to copyright issues, as these subjects are usually studied in an excessively generic and superficial manner within broader courses dedicated to information policy, information ethics, or legal issues regarding information. If we also bear in mind that most of these courses are elective, not required, the conclusion is that very few LIS graduates attain the minimal instruction required. The best results are obtained by US and Canadian universities accredited by the American Library Association (ALA), since copyright issues are included in the list of core competences required to achieve accreditation. The solution to this problem may lie in two complementary approaches. One would be to follow the ALA model and the IFLA recommendation and include copyright contents in the LIS curricula worldwide, and the other would be to provide institutional support for those professionals interested in obtaining the required trainingS

What is the impact of mother's bed incline on episodes of decreased oxygen saturation in healthy newborns in skin-to-skin contact after delivery: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Angle of inclination; Apparent life-threatening events; BradycardiaAngle d'inclinació; Esdeveniments que aparenten amenaçar la vida; BradicàrdiaÁngulo de inclinación; Acontecimientos que aparentan amenazar la vida; BradicardiaBACKGROUND: Early mother-child skin-to-skin contact (SSC) in the first 2 h postpartum is highly beneficial for both mother and child. However, cases have been reported of newborns who have experienced apparently life-threatening events (ALTEs) or sudden death during this procedure. The causes of these events are unknown. Newborn's prone position could influence the onset of these events but there is very little evidence to support any recommendation. We hypothesize that newborns' breathing obstruction episodes increase as mothers lie more horizontally. The main objective of this study is to compare the occurrence of desaturation and bradycardia episodes as a function of mother's bed incline. The study is designed as a randomized, controlled, assessor blind, multicenter, superiority trial with two parallel groups and 1:1 allocation ratio. METHODS: The study participants will be full-term healthy mother-newborn dyads from ten hospitals in Spain. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two study arms defined by mother's bed inclination (45° or 15°). The planned sample size is 5866. Centralized permuted blocks randomization and assessor blinding will be implemented. The newborns will be monitored remotely with pulse oximetry, from 10 min to 2 h after delivery. We established SO2 and heart rate (HR) limit alarms, as well as an action protocol in the event of alarm activation. The primary outcome is the number of healthy newborns who undergo episodes of SO2 ≤ 90%. Secondary outcomes are the mean SO2 level, the number of newborns who experience episodes of SO2 ≤ 85%, the time to SSC discontinuation due to abnormal SO2 or HR, and episodes of HR  180 bpm. Subgroups and pooled analysis will be performed to identify if breast-feeding and mother and child positions favor the occurrence of desaturation or bradycardia episodes. DISCUSSION: A simple intervention such as modifying mother's bed angle of inclination while in SSC with her child during the first 2 h postpartum could favor newborn's hemodynamic and respiratory stabilization and thus contribute to reducing the onset of ALTEs. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02585492 . Registered on 22nd October 2015. PROTOCOL VERSION: 2 (30th June 2015)

Data mining process to detect suicidal behaviour in out-of-hospital emergency departments

Out-of-hospital emergency departments receive multiple types of requests daily. Their management requires a balance to be found between available resources and the actual needs of the requesting party. Those regarding suicidal behaviour, which are resource heavy, are few in number in terms of the bulk of requests, and detecting them correctly is therefore important. Previous research, using machine learning algorithms to analyse suicide, has typically focused on discovering insights to be used by medical personnel. This proposal extends its use in two directions: knowledge that can be used by non-exclusively medical staff, such as telephone operators, and the models that have been incorporated into a software prototype to help in the decision-making of an emergency department. In addition, previous research has often included a range of information from different sources that are not available when processing an emergency call request, for example, data that is only obtained at the end of the intervention. A full-scale data mining process has been performed using data from the out-of-hospital emergency service in Malaga (Spain). Sensitivity has been the primary goal to avoid missing cases requiring special attention, but this objective has been pursued without overlooking a good trade-off with specificity. The best models can offer such a compromise between sensitivity and specificity, and show more than 80% in both metrics simultaneously. The experts validate that the modelling phase showed that the algorithms have automatically identified already known situations. This lays the groundwork for further iterations with a promising outlook.This study was funded by the Fundación Progreso y Salud (Junta de Andalucía, Spain). Number: AP-0226-2019. Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Málaga/CBUA, Spain

Ultrasound-Assisted Melt Extrusion of Polymer Nanocomposites

A review of the latest developments in ultrasound-assisted melt extrusion of polymer nanocomposites is presented. In general, the application of ultrasound waves during melt extrusion of polymer in the presence of nanoparticles results in a more homogeneous dispersion of the nanoparticles in the polymer matrix. In spite of this, a lack of understanding in the field has hindered the development of this processing technique. Based on the analysis of literature on the field, key aspects are identified for a better understanding of the physical and chemical effects of ultrasound waves and the fabrication of polymer nanocomposites by means of melt extrusion

Estimation of the Evapotranspiration and Crop Coefficients of Bell Pepper Using a Removable Weighing Lysimeter: A Case Study in the Southeast of Spain

Water use efficiency is essential in semiarid regions of Spain, and it can be achieved through a precise knowledge of the real crop water requirements (CWR). The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) offers standardized crop coefficients to establish the CWR. However, these coefficients can change due to different conditions, such as climatic variations and cultivation practices. In this work, the evapotranspiration (ETClys) and crop coefficients (KClys) of bell pepper were obtained with a compact removable weighing lysimeter between February and August for two crop seasons (2019 and 2020). ETClys was determined from the water balance, and the KClys values were determined as the ratio of the crop evapotranspiration, measured on the removable weighing lysimeter, and the reference evapotranspiration. The KClys average values for the bell pepper in the initial, middle, and final stages were 0.57, 1.06, and 0.80, respectively. KC regression models were obtained as a function of the fraction thermal units, achieving a maximum correlation of 0.67 (R2). In general, the KC values obtained in this research work were lower in the initial and in the final stages and larger in the middle stage in comparison with the FAO-56 values and other research works values in semiarid conditions. The bell pepper yield increased by 7.72% in 2019 and by 3.49% in 2020 compared to the yield reported by the Ministry of the Environment and Rural and Marine Areas of the Spanish Government in 2019 and with a minimum water loss through drainage. The results in this work can help farmers to determine the crop water requirements and to improve the system efficiency in semiarid locations with similar conditions to those in the study

A Compact Weighing Lysimeter to Estimate the Water Infiltration Rate in Agricultural Soils

Infiltration estimation is made by tests such as concentric cylinders, which are prone to errors, such as the lateral movement under the ring. Several possibilities have been developed over the last decades to compensate these errors, which are based on physical, electronic, and mathematical principles. In this research, two approaches are proposed to measure the water infiltration rate in a silty loam soil by means of the mass values of a lysimeter weighing under rainfall conditions and different moisture contents. Based on the fact that with the lysimeter it is possible to determine acting soil flows very precisely, then with the help of mass conservation and assuming a downward vertical movement, 12 rain events were analyzed. In addition, it was possible to monitor the behavior of soil moisture and to establish the content at field capacity from the values of the weighing lysimeter, from which both approach are based. The infiltration rate of these events showed a variable rate at the beginning of the rainfall until reaching a maximum, to descend to a stable or basic rate. This basic infiltration rate was 1.49 ± 0.36 mm/h, and this is because soils with fine textures have reported low infiltration capacity. Four empirical or semi-empirical models of infiltration were calibrated with the values obtained with our approaches, showing a better fit with the Horton’s model