Integral Field Spectroscopy of two radio galaxies at z~2.3

In this article we study the morphology, kinematics and ionization properties of the giant ionized gas nebulae surrounding two high redshift radio galaxies, 4C40.36 (z=2.27) and 4C48.48 (z=2.34).}{Integral Field Spectroscopy observations were taken using the PPAK bundle of the PMAS spectrograph, mounted on the 3.5m on the Calar Alto Observatory, in order to cover a field-of-view of 64" X 72" centered in each radio galaxy. The observations spanned over 5 nights, using two different spectral resolutions (with FWHM~4 AA and ~8 AA respectively), covering the optical wavelength range from ~3700 AA to ~7100 AA, which corresponds to the rest-frame ultraviolet range from ~1100 AA to ~2000 AA >. Various emission lines are detected within this wavelength range, including Lyalpha (1216 AA), NV (1240 AA), CIV (1549 AA), HeII (1640 AA), OIII] (1663 AA) and CIII] (1909\AA). The dataset was used to derive the spatial distribution of the flux intensity of each of these lines and the gas kinematics. The properties of the emission lines in the nuclear regions were studied in detail.In agreement with previous studies, we find that both objects are embedded in a large ionized gas nebula, where Ly alpha emission is extended across ~100 kpc or more. The CIV and HeII emission lines are also spatially extended. The nebulae are generally aligned with the radio axis, although we detect emission far from it. In 4C+48.48, there is a band of low Ly-alpha/CIV running perpendicular to the radio axis, at the location of the active nucleus. This feature might be the observational signature of an edge-on disk of neutral gas. The kinematics of both nebulae are inconsistent with stable rotation, although they are not inconsistent with infall or outflow.Comment: 14 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publishing in Astronomy & Astrophysic

The gene transformer-2 of Sciara (Diptera, Nematocera) and its effect on Drosophila sexual development

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The gene <it>transformer-2</it>, which is involved in sex determination, has been studied in <it>Drosophila, Musca</it>, <it>Ceratitis</it>, <it>Anastrepha </it>and <it>Lucilia</it>. All these members of Diptera belong to the suborder Brachycera. In this work, it is reported the isolation and characterisation of genes <it>transformer-2 </it>of the dipterans <it>Sciara ocellaris </it>and <it>Bradysia coprophila </it>(formerly <it>Sciara coprophila</it>), which belong to the much less extensively analysed <it>Sciaridae </it>Family of the Suborder Nematocera, which is paraphyletic with respect to Suborder Brachycera.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The <it>transformer-2 </it>genes of the studied <it>Sciara </it>species were found to be transcribed in both sexes during development and adult life, in both the soma and germ lines. They produced a single primary transcript, which follows the same alternative splicing in both sexes, giving rise to different mRNAs isoforms. In <it>S. ocellaris </it>the most abundant mRNA isoform encoded a full-length protein of 251 amino acids, while that of <it>B. coprophila </it>encoded a protein of 246 amino acids. Both showed the features of the SR protein family. The less significant mRNA isoforms of both species encoded truncated, presumably non-functional Transformer-2 proteins. The comparison of the functional <it>Sciara </it>Transformer-2 proteins among themselves and those of other insects revealed the greatest degree of conservation in the RRM domain and linker region. In contrast, the RS1 and RS2 domains showed extensive variation with respect to their number of amino acids and their arginine-serine (RS) dipeptide content. The expression of <it>S. ocellaris </it>Transformer-2 protein in <it>Drosophila </it>XX pseudomales lacking the endogenous <it>transformer-2 </it>function caused their partial feminisation.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The <it>transformer-2 </it>genes of both <it>Sciaridae </it>species encode a single protein in both sexes that shares the characteristics of the Transformer-2 proteins of other insects. These proteins showed conserved sex-determination function in <it>Drosophila</it>; i.e., they were able to form a complex with the endogenous <it>Drosophila </it>Transformer protein that controls the female-specific splicing of the <it>Drosophila doublesex </it>pre-mRNA. However, it appears that the complex formed between the <it>Drosophila </it>Transformer protein and the <it>Sciara </it>Transformer-2 protein is less effective at inducing the female-specific splicing of the endogenous <it>Drosophila doublesex </it>pre-mRNA than the <it>Drosophila</it>Transformer-Transformer2 complex. This suggests the existence of species-specific co-evolution of the Transformer and Transformer-2 proteins.</p

El turismo deportivo: visiones críticas sobre posibilidades de desarrollo local en España y México

Esta ponencia aborda los límites y riesgos del turismo deportivo para ello los autores estructuran el artículo en tres partes: en una primera parte se observan las tendencias y líneas de evolución que se manifiestan en el deporte y en el turismo; en segundo lugar recuperamos los elementos que hacen del turismo deportivo un potencial de desarrollo local; y en la tercera parte analizamos sus claroscuros y límites: riesgos sociales y medioambientales

Edad y tamaño empresarial y ciclo de vida financiero

The aim of this paper is to analyze whether some of the empirical implications of the Berger and Udell's (1998) financial growth cycle hold. We use a sample of 22.842 observations for year 2003 and test several hypothesis through MANOVA analysis. Results show that companies tend to have different financing structures depending on age and size. The hypothesis about equity is not confirmed, because the older the company is the higher tends to be its value, caused by the increasing reserves. On the other hand, the risk of the company decreases with age. Results related to trade credit, short term credit and financing deficit are mixed, not significant or contrary to the considered hypothesis. El objetivo de este trabajo es examinar si se cumplen algunas de las implicaciones empíricas del ciclo de vida financiero planteado por Berger y Udell (1998). Para ello se utiliza una muestra de 22.842 observaciones para el año 2003 y mediante tests MANOVAs se contrastan diversas hipótesis. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que las empresas tienen distintas estructuras financieras dependiendo de la edad y el tamaño. La tendencia general es que a mayor edad, mayor presencia de fondos propios, ocasionada por el fuerte incremento de los beneficios retenidos, siendo este resultado contrario a la hipótesis planteada. Por otro lado, el riesgo asumido por las empresas disminuye con la edad. La evidencia relativa al empleo de crédito comercial, deuda financiera a corto plazo y déficit financiero es mixta, no significativa, o contraria a las hipótesis planteadas, especialmente para el caso del factor edad.Edad, tamaño, ciclo de vida financiero, asimetría informativa, financiación empresarial. Age, size, financial growth cycle, information asymmetries, corporate finance.

Effects of introgressed 4Nv Aegilops ventricosa chromosome on yield and yield components in bread wheat.

Effects of introgressed 4Nv Aegilops ventricosa chromosome on yield and yield components in bread whea

Stem Cells for Modeling Human Disease

Human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) in the form of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are capable of growing indefinitely in vitro, maintaining their capacity to differentiate into the three primary germ layers: mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm. Different protocols have been developed to differentiate PSCs into almost any cellular type with different degree of success. This technology has allowed scientists to use patient‐derived iPSCs to study the physiopathology of the disease by analyzing the phenotype of the cells derived from these iPSCs. However, control iPSCs obtained from healthy individuals will always have different genomic environment than patient\u27s iPSCs, making it difficult the interpretation of the cells phenotype. The recent appearance of specific nucleases [zinc‐finger nucleases (ZFNs), the transcription activator‐like effector nucleases (TALENs) and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)] has made it possible to edit the genome of PSCs. We can now generate syngeneic hESCs or iPSCs harboring the desired mutation and comparing the emerging cells with those derived from genetically identical PSCs that will differ only in the mutated gene. In this chapter, we summarize the progress made in this field and discuss the different approaches that have been used recently for the generation of syngeneic human pluripotent cellular models for different pathologies

Influencia de la carga de sólido en la producción de D-xilosa mediante hidrólisis del hueso de aceituna con ácido sulfúrico diluido

The selective hydrolysis of hemicellulose from olive stones was attempted in order to achieve a maximum D-xylose yield. For this aim, batch hydrolysis was conducted under different operating conditions of temperature, acid concentration and solid loading. Firstly, distilled water, sulphuric acid and nitric acid were assessed as hydrolytic agents at different temperatures (200, 205, 210 and 220 °C) and at a fixed acid concentration (0.025 M). Sulphuric acid and 200 °C were selected for the subsequent dilute acid hydrolysis optimization based on the obtained D-xylose yields. The combined influence of solid loading (from 29.3 to 170.7 g olive stones into 300 mL acid solution) and sulphuric acid concentration (0.006–0.034 M) on the release of D-xylose was then estimated by response surface methodology. According to a statistical analysis, both parameters had significant interaction effects on D-xylose production. The results illustrated that the higher the solid loading, the higher the required acid concentration. The decrease in the solid/liquid ratio in the reactor had a positive effect on D-xylose extraction and on the amount of acid used. The optimum solid loading and sulphuric acid concentration were determined to be 50 g (solid/liquid ratio 1/6) and 0.016 M, respectively. Under these conditions, the predicted D-xylose yield (expressed as g of sugar per 100 g of dry matter fed) was 20.4 (87.2% of maximum attainable).Se ha desarrollado una hidrólisis selectiva de la fracción hemicelulósica del hueso de aceituna con el fin de obtener el máximo rendimiento de D-xilosa. Para ello las hidrólisis se llevaron a cabo en un reactor discontinuo a distintas condiciones de temperatura, concentración de ácido y carga de sólidos. En primer lugar se evaluó la capacidad hidrolítica del agua destilada y de los ácidos nítrico y sulfúrico a distintas temperaturas (200, 205, 210 y 220°C) manteniendo fija la concentración de ácido (0,025 M). A partir de los rendimientos en D-xilosa obtenidos se seleccionó el ácido sulfúrico y una temperatura de 200 °C para la posterior optimización del proceso. La influencia conjunta de la carga de sólidos (desde 29,3 a 170,7 g de hueso de aceituna en 300 mL de disolución ácida) y de la concentración de ácido sulfúrico (0,006–0,034 M) sobre los rendimientos de D-xilosa fue determinada mediante metodología de superficie de respuesta. Según el análisis estadístico ambos parámetros tuvieron un efecto interactivo significativo en la producción de D-xilosa. Los resultados mostraron que se requiere mayor concentración de ácido a mayor carga de sólidos. La disminución de la relación sólido/líquido en el reactor tuvo un efecto positivo en la extracción de D-xilosa y en la cantidad de ácido utilizado. Las condiciones óptimas fueron 50 g de sólidos (relación sólido/ líquido 1/6) y concentración de ácido sulfúrico 0,016 M. Bajo estas condiciones, el rendimiento de D-xilosa predicho, expresado en g de azúcar por cada 100 g de huesos de aceituna, fue 20,4 (87,2% del máximo teórico)