Clima institucional y satisfacción laboral: un análisis de género y edad en el sector estatal (instituciones públicas)

El clima institucional y la satisfacción laboral influyen de manera decisiva en el comportamiento de las personas que trabajan en una organización (Valle, 1995). Esta investigación analiza la relación entre el clima institucional, la satisfacción laboral según género y edad de personas que trabajan en organismos del Estado. La muestra está compuesta por 547 trabajadores, de 6 instituciones de la Administración Pública. Realizamos un estudio transversal utilizando dos cuestionarios, uno el de clima institucional, adaptado de Koys & Decottis (1991), y el otro que mide la satisfacción laboral elaborado por Chiang & Salazar & Huerta & Núñez (2007). Los resultados indican que, en los diferentes factores de clima institucional y de satisfacción laboral estudiados en la muestra, no hay diferencias significativas entre géneros y edades

Histogenesis and cell differentiation in the retina of Thunnus thynnus: a morphological and immunohistochemical study

This study examines the anatomical development of the visual system of Atlantic bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, during the first 15 days of life at histological level, with emphasis in the immunohistochemical characterization of different cell types. As an altricial fish species, the retina was not developed at hatching. The appearance of eye pigmentation and the transformation of the retina from an undifferentiated neuroblastic layer into a laminated structure occurred during the first two days of life. At 16 days after hatching (DAH), the ganglion cells were arranged in a single row in the central region of the retina and the outer segments of the photoreceptors were morphologically developed. Furthermore, at this age, all the retinal cell types were immunohistochemically characterized. The presence of ganglion cell axons was confirmed with the TUJ1 antibody and the existence of functional synapses in the plexiform layers with antibodies against SV2. Cone opsins were immunostained with antibodies against visinin and CERN-922 immunoreactive rods were also identified. Different subpopulations of amacrine cells were immunostained with antibodies against αTH and PV. Highly GS-immunoreactive Müller cells were also detected at this age. These observations suggested that the T. thynnus retina was fully functional at the end of the second week of life. Basic studies on early morphology of the visual system and larval behaviour are necessary to support applied research on larval rearing. Furthermore, they may have implications for understanding larval ecology in the wild.Versión del edito

Visualisation of chicken macrophages using transgenic reporter genes: insights into the development of the avian macrophage lineage

We have generated the first transgenic chickens in which reporter genes are expressed in a specific immune cell lineage, based upon control elements of the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) locus. The Fms intronic regulatory element (FIRE) within CSF1R is shown to be highly conserved in amniotes and absolutely required for myeloid-restricted expression of fluorescent reporter genes. As in mammals, CSF1R-reporter genes were specifically expressed at high levels in cells of the macrophage lineage and at a much lower level in granulocytes. The cell lineage specificity of reporter gene expression was confirmed by demonstration of coincident expression with the endogenous CSF1R protein. In transgenic birds, expression of the reporter gene provided a defined marker for macrophage-lineage cells, identifying the earliest stages in the yolk sac, throughout embryonic development and in all adult tissues. The reporter genes permit detailed and dynamic visualisation of embryonic chicken macrophages. Chicken embryonic macrophages are not recruited to incisional wounds, but are able to recognise and phagocytose microbial antigens

The role of islet-1 in cell specification, differentiation, and maintenance of phenotypes in the vertebrate neural retina

Muchas enfermedades que ciegan, tales como retinitis pigmentosa, degeneración macular y glaucoma implican la pérdida permanente de neuronas retinianas, especialmente fotorreceptores o la central de proyección de las células ganglionares de la retina. Las células madre han sido propuestas como una fuente potencial de células para trasplante neuronal, debido a su capacidad de expansión proliferativa y el potencial para generar diferentes tipos de células retinianas. La comprensión de la biología del desarrollo de las células de la retina que será la clave para el éxito de esa estrategia. En el desarrollo de la retina, una compleja serie de factores de transcripción secuencialmente activa los genes implicados en el desarrollo, a fin de definir el tipo de célula adulta. Entre estos, el factor de transcripción homeodomain LIM-Islote-1 (Isl1) se expresa mediante el desarrollo y la madurez, colinérgicos amacrine ganglionares, bipolar, horizontales y las células de la retina de la mayoría de los vertebrados que han sido estudiadas. Porque Isl1-ratones mutantes nulos mueren al día embrionario 9.5, antes de la aparición de retinogenesis, el papel de Isl1 en el desprendimiento de la neurogénesis se mantuvo en gran parte desconocido. Sin embargo, Isl1 knockout condicional ha sido generado para determinar el papel exacto de Isl1 en el desarrollo de la retina. Por lo tanto, la inactivación condicional de este factor de transcripción durante el ratón retinogenesis trastorna la función retiniana y también se traduce en importantes reducciones de origen bipolar, amacrine y células ganglionares, y un aumento sustancial de las células horizontales. Por lo tanto, Isl1 parece jugar un papel altamente conservada en la especificación, la diferenciación celular y el mantenimiento de los fenotipos de tipos celulares retinianos. Una comprensión de los factores tales como Isl1 que participan en vertebrados retinogenesis podría ser aprovechable para reprogramar células madre retinianas trasplantado.Many blinding diseases, such as retinitis pigmentosa, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma involve the permanent loss of retinal neurons, especially photoreceptors or the centrally projecting retinal ganglion cells. Stem cells have been proposed as a potential source of cells for neuronal transplantation, due to their capacity for proliferative expansion and the potential to generate different retinal cell types. Understanding the developmental biology of retinal cells will be the key to the success of such a strategy. In the developing retina, a complex series of transcription factors sequentially activates genes involved in development, thus defining the adult cell type. Among these, the LIM-homeodomain transcription factor Islet-1 (Isl1) is expressed by developing and mature ganglion, cholinergic amacrine, ON-bipolar, and horizontal cells in the retina of most of the vertebrates that have been studied. Because Isl1-null mutant mice die at embryonic day 9.5, before the onset of retinogenesis, the role of Isl1 in retinal neurogenesis remained largely unknown. However, Isl1 conditional knockout has been generated to identify the exact role of Isl1 in retinal development. Thus, the conditional inactivation of this transcription factor during mouse retinogenesis disrupts retinal function and also results in marked reductions in mature bipolar, amacrine, and ganglion cells, and a substantial increase in horizontal cells. Therefore, Isl1 seems to play a highly conserved role in cell specification, differentiation, and maintenance of phenotypes of retinal cell types. An understanding of factors such as Isl1 that are involved in vertebrate retinogenesis might be exploitable to reprogram transplanted retinal stem cells.Trabajo financiado por: Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología. Proyecto BFU2007-67540 Junta de Extremadura. Becas PRI06A195 y GR10152peerReviewe

Impacto del clima y la satisfacción laboral sobre el rendimiento de profesores universitarios

Resumen tomado de la publicaciónSe aborda el análisis de las relaciones entre el clima organizacional, la satisfacción laboral y los resultados, en los equipos de trabajo formados por profesores y o investigadores que trabajan en departamentos de distintas universidades. Para lograr el objetivo descrito se procedió a la aplicación de un instrumento validado (Chiang 2004) para medir las variables, clima organizacional, satisfacción laboral y resultados del trabajo en las universidades, en una muestra española y otra chilena. Los resultados del estudio estadísticamente significativos confirman las relaciones entre las tres variables e indican que en la muestra española, en los departamentos donde existe un mayor número de capítulos de libros publicados, los profesores perciben una mayor presión laboral. Y en los departamentos donde los profesores están satisfechos con su universidad y con las posibilidades de continuar su formación, existe una mayor asistencia a seminarios. En la muestra chilena los resultados obtenidos muestran que en los departamentos donde existe un mayor número de titulaciones impartidas, los docentes tienen una percepción positiva de su libertad de cátedra y están satisfechos con su universidad. Donde hay mas publicaciones de libros y artículos, los profesores tienen una relación positiva con la satisfacción con su departamento.NavarraUniversidad de Navarra. Biblioteca; 31080 Pamplona; +34948425600; +3494817731080; [email protected]

Clima organizacional y satisfacción laboral. Una comparación entre hospitales públicos de alta y baja complejidad

We examined differences in organizational climate and job satisfaction among hospital workers, as well as associations between these constructs in high and low complexity Chilean public hospitals. In this cross-sectional study, organizations were examined using measures of organizational climate (autonomy, cohesion, trust, pressure, support, recognition, equity and innovation) and job satisfaction (overall, satisfaction, as well as satisfaction with the physical work environment, job, professional development opportunities, supervision, salary, job control and recognition), using modified and validated scales. The study sample consisted of 1239 employees from three public hospitals; reliability coefficient values for the various scales was 0.9, indicating good internal consistency. No statistically significant differences were found between high and low complexity hospitals for either of the two outcome variables. When high and low complexity hospitals were compared, the highest correlations were observed between job satisfaction and satisfaction with supervision as well as between organizational support and innovation, Overall, these results indicate workers are satisfied with their jobs appreciate the direct and close relationships between supervision and subordinate staff, and favor a supportive and innovative work environment.Se busca conocer diferencias entre los trabajadores de hospitales, respecto de las variables Clima Organizacional y Satisfacción Laboral, y la relación entre estos constructos, en hospitales chilenos (del estado), comparándolos según sean de alta o baja complejidad. Es un estudio empírico transversal, se describen las organizaciones por medio de los cuestionarios de clima organizacional (autonomía, cohesión, confianza, presión, apoyo, reconocimiento, equidad e innovación) y de satisfacción laboral (satisfacción por el trabajo en general, satisfacción con el ambiente físico del trabajo, satisfacción con su trabajo, satisfacción con las oportunidades de desarrollo, satisfacción con la supervisión, satisfacción con la remuneración, satisfacción con la capacidad para decidir autónomamente y satisfacción con el reconocimiento) adaptado, desarrollado y validado. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 1.239 trabajadores de tres hospitales públicos y los valores del coeficiente de fiabilidad fueron de 0,9 lo que se considera bueno y definen una consistencia interna de las escalas. Los resultados muestran que en las dimensiones de las dos variables, no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambos tipos de hospitales. Respecto a las correlaciones, si comparamos en hospitales de alta y baja complejidad vemos que las relaciones más altas se dieron entre la dimensión de satisfacción laboral con supervisión y las dimensiones de clima organizacional apoyo e innovación, respectivamente. Lo que nos indica que, en general, les gusta su trabajo y aprecian la relación directa y estrecha entre directivos y subordinados, el énfasis está puesto en clima de apoyo y de innovación

Expression and function of the LIM-homeodomain transcription factor Islet-1 in the developing and mature vertebrate retina

The LIM-homeodomain transcription factor Islet-1 (Isl1) has been widely used as a marker of different subtypes of neurons in the developing and mature retina of vertebrates. During retinal neurogenesis, early Isl1 expression is detected in the nuclei of neuroblasts that give rise to ganglion, amacrine, bipolar, and horizontal cells. In the mature retina, Isl1 expression is restricted to the nuclei of ganglion cells, cholinergicamacrine cells, ON-bipolar cells, and subpopulations of horizontal cells. Recent studies have explored the functional mechanisms of Isl1 during specification and differentiation of these retinal cell types. Thus, conditional inactivation of Isl1 in the developing mouse retina disrupts retinal function, and also results in optic nerve hypoplasia, marked reductions in mature ganglion, amacrine, and bipolar cells, and a substantial increase in horizontal cells. Furthermore, conditional knockout shows delayed ganglion cell axon growth, ganglion cell axon guidance error, and ganglion cell nerve fiber defasciculation. These data together suggest a possible role for Isl1 in the early differentiation and maintenance of different vertebrate retinal cell types. This review examines whether the expression pattern of Isl1 during vertebrate retinal development is conserved across vertebrate species, and discusses current understanding of the developmental functions of Isl1 in retinogenesis

Retinal Development in a Precocial Bird Species, the Quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix</i>, Linnaeus 1758)

The quail (Coturnix coturnix, Linnaeus 1758), a notable model used in developmental biology, is a precocial bird species in which the processes of retinal cell differentiation and retinal histogenesis have been poorly studied. The purpose of the present research is to examine the retinogenesis in this bird species immunohistochemically and compare the results with those from previous studies in precocial and altricial birds. We found that the first PCNA-negative nuclei are detected at Stage (St) 21 in the vitreal region of the neuroblastic layer, coinciding topographically with the first αTubAc-/Tuj1-/Isl1-immunoreactive differentiating ganglion cells. At St28, the first Prox1-immunoreactive nuclei can be distinguished in the vitreal side of the neuroblastic layer (NbL), but also the first visinin-immunoreactive photoreceptors in the scleral surface. The inner plexiform layer (IPL) emerges at St32, and the outer plexiform layer (OPL) becomes visible at St35—the stage in which the first GS-immunoreactive Müller cells are distinguishable. Newly hatched animals show a well-developed stratified retina in which the PCNA-and pHisH3-immunoreactivies are absent. Therefore, retinal cell differentiation in the quail progresses in the stereotyped order conserved among vertebrates, in which ganglion cells initially appear and are followed by amacrine cells, horizontal cells, and photoreceptors. Müller glia are one of the last cell types to be born. Plexiform layers emerge following a vitreal-to-scleral gradient. Finally, our results suggest that there are no significant differences in the timing of different events involved in retinal maturation between the quail and the chicken, but the same events are delayed in an altricial bird species