Metódo multicriterio para apoyo a la planificación hídrica

Economic analysis on the Water Framework Directive is, among other aspects, in the phase of characterization for present and future uses of the water and also the preparation of the Program of Measures based on the cost-effectiveness analysis. This article presents the results of water use economic characterization for the Guadalquivir River Basin (Southern Spain), which shows an expected unsustainable situation with consumption of over 50% of renewable resources. Due to the ecological and social complexity of environmental conflicts, authors advocate for a multicriteria approach beyond the cost-benefit analysis, as an input of water resource planning. Afirst exercise on hierarchical social preferences evaluation, showing the relevance of the environmental criteria, is presented on this paper

Optimización de estaciones de bombeo en riego a la demanda

Se ha desarrollado un método sencillo para definir las curvas máximas y mínimas de altura piezométrica-caudal en la cabecera de una red de distribución de agua para riego, lo que constituyen las envolventes de los posibles puntos de funcionamiento de la red. La curva de máximo se puede utilizar tanto para el dimensionamiento de la estación de bombeo como para su regulación y control en tiempo real, introduciéndola en el módulo PID (Proportional, Integral and Derivative) de un autómata programable. Además, se presenta un método simplificado para evaluar el consumo de energía durante la campaña de riegos, válido para las distintas tarifas eléctricas y sus correspondientes discriminaciones horarias. Los resultados muestran las condiciones de funcionamiento de la estación de bombeo que minimizan el consumo energético anual, indicando el número de bombas iguales acopladas en paralelo que funcionan a velocidad fija o variable, habiendo dimensionado previamente la estación de bombeo para poder suministrar el caudal de diseño en cabecera a una presión que garantice la presión mínima en cualquiera de las tomas de la red para cualquier condición de funcionamiento

Baseline to Evaluate Off-Site Suspended Sediment-Related Mining Effects in the Alto Tajo Natural Park, Spain

Mining is a human activity with considerable environmental impact. To evaluate such impacts, international laws require undertaking local studies based on direct sampling to establish baseline conditions of parameters modified by human activities. Mining takes place near the Alto Tajo Natural Park, where a suspended sediment concentration (SSC) baseline is required to determine whether mining affects water quality. To this end, we have monitored the Tajo River and its tributary the Tajuelo following Before–After Control-Impact (BACI) techniques, recommended by Australian and New Zealand laws, requiring a specific method based on continuous monitoring and sampling to enable evaluation of SSCs. An SSC baseline has been defined at stations situated upstream of the mining area and compared with those downstream. The highest detected SSC upstream of the Tajuelo mines was 24 g l−1 whereas the highest simultaneous downstream value was 391 g l−1, more than one order of magnitude higher than the supposed baseline (24 g l−1). Additionally, this value is 1000 times more than the average concentration of 25 mg l−1, used by the European Union until 2015, to guarantee the quality of salmonid waters. Following a BACI approach, a statistically significant SSC impact has been identified. The mined areas are the only source that can explain this increase. This is the first instance that such an increase and baseline have been found using this method. BACI is a simple and reliable method recommended for studying degraded areas rather than an irrelevant, fixed standard as included in most international laws. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This study was funded by: (i) Research Project CGL2010-21754-C02-01 (Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology, and Ministry of Economy); (ii) the Department of Agriculture and Environment of Castile—La Mancha through its socalled “Fondos Verdes” (Green Funding); (iii) the research contract 249/2015 between CAOBAR and UCM; (iv) the Ecological Restoration Network REMEDINAL-3 of the Madrid Community (S2013/MAE-2719); (v) the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) for Ph.D. Grant JAEPredoc to IZAPeer reviewe

Fractionation evidences in the intramagmatic Ni-Cu-PGE mineralization of Aguablanca (Badajoz)

Depto. de Mineralogía y PetrologíaFac. de Ciencias GeológicasFALSEpu

The interleukin-6 and noradrenaline mediated inflammation-stress feedback mechanism is dysregulated in metabolic syndrome: Effect of exercise

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a metabolic disorder associated with obesity, type-II diabetes, and "low grade inflammation", with the concomitant increased risk of cardiovascular events. Removal of the inflammatory mediator signals is a promising strategy to protect against insulin resistance, obesity, and other problems associated with MS such as cardiovascular disease. The aim of the present investigation was to determine the "inflammatory and stress status" in an experimental model of MS, and to evaluate the effect of a program of habitual exercise and the resulting training-induced adaptation to the effects of a single bout of acute exercise.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Obese Zucker rats (fa/fa) were used as the experimental model of MS, and lean Zucker rats (Fa/fa) were used for reference values. The habitual exercise (performed by the obese rats) consisted of treadmill running: 5 days/week for 14 weeks, at 35 cm/s for 35 min in the last month. The acute exercise consisted of a single session of 25-35 min at 35 cm/s. Circulating concentrations of IL-6 (a cytokine that regulates the inflammatory and metabolic responses), CRP (a systemic inflammatory marker), and corticosterone (CTC) (the main glucocorticoid in rats) were determined by ELISA, and that of noradrenaline (NA) was determined by HPLC. Glucose was determined by standard methods.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The genetically obese animals showed higher circulating levels of glucose, IL-6, PCR, and NA compared with the control lean animals. The habitual exercise program increased the concentration of IL-6, PCR, NA, and glucose, but decreased that of CTC. Acute exercise increased IL-6, CRP, and NA in the sedentary obese animals, but not in the trained obese animals. CTC was increased after the acute exercise in the trained animals only.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Animals with MS present a dysregulation in the feedback mechanism between IL-6 and NA which can contribute to the systemic low-grade inflammation and/or hyperglycaemia of MS. An inappropriate exercise intensity can worsen this dysregulation, contributing to the metabolic, inflammatory, and stress disorders associated with MS. Habitual exercise (i.e., training) induces a positive adaptation in the response to acute exercise.</p

Beneficios y costes ambientales en la Directiva Marco del Agua: conceptos y estimación

Environmental costs and benefits play a major role in the economic analysis prescribed by the Water Framework Directive for the achievement of a sustainable management of water resources. The definition of these concepts is not explicit in the text of the Directive, while there is an urgent need to apply then for analysing whether the implementation of the WFD is disproportionately costly. This paper tries to contribute to the reflexion on the concepts of environmental costs and benefits in the context of the WFD. We discuss the different interpretations and valuations that have been made up to date in Europe and some of the key issues for their estimation.Dentro del análisis económico que la Directiva Marco del Agua (DMA) prescribe para alcanzar una gestión sostenible de los recursos hídricos, destaca la necesidad de evaluar los beneficios y costes ambientales. Dada la falta de una definición explícita de estos conceptos en el texto de la Directiva y, al mismo tiempo, la necesidad acuciante de evaluar la desproporcionalidad de los costes de la implementación de la DMA, este artículo pretende contribuir a la reflexión sobre los conceptos de beneficio y coste ambiental en este contexto. Se discuten la diferentes interpretaciones y valoraciones que se han hecho hasta el momento en Europa y se profundiza en aspectos claves para su estimación

Efectos agudos de las vibraciones de cuerpo completo sobre variables funcionales en niños con parálisis cerebral

Accésit Congreso SIBB 2015El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar los efectos agudos de las vibraciones de cuerpo completo (VCC) sobre el equilibrio y la movilidad en niños con parálisis cerebral, y comparar los efectos producidos por el estímulo vibratorio vertical y oscilante sobre las variables mencionadas. Se utilizó un diseño cruzado aleatorio en el que participaron 6 niños y adolescentes con parálisis cerebral. Se llevaron a cabo 5 sesiones de tratamiento, utilizando las dos primeras como familiarización. En cada una de las tres sesiones restantes, el paciente recibía de forma aleatoria un tratamiento de VCC diferente consistentes en 5 series de 1 minuto de vibración seguidas de 1 minuto de descanso. Antes y después de cada intervención se realizaron valoraciones de esfuerzo percibido, equilibrio y movilidad a través de una escala visual analógica y los test de Romberg y timed up and go, respectivamente. La escala visual analógica mostró un incremento del esfuerzo percibido tras la aplicación del tratamiento (+75%, p=0,007). En el equilibrio se observó un aumento en la velocidad de desplazamiento del centro de presiones tras la intervención (+11,3%, p=0,024).Todos los protocolos aplicados en niños y adolescentes con parálisis cerebral, modificaron de manera aguda el equilibrio, no mostrándose cambios respecto a la movilidad. Los resultados del presente estudio demuestran que, el estímulo vibratorio no parece inducir mayores modificaciones sobre el equilibrio y la movilidad que el propio trabajo isométrico sobre la plataforma.Peer ReviewedAward-winnin

Análisis multicriterio de preferencias sociales en gestión hídrica bajo la Directiva Marco del Agua

[EN] This work aims to contribute to the implementation of the WFD with regard to the selection of the measures for a sustainable and socially accepted water management. A multicriteria decision support exercise is applied to the Guadalquivir River Basin in order to test the applicability of the Analytic Hierarchy Process in the new WFD context. A survey was carried out in the context of a future enlargement of La Breña reservoir (Córdoba). This analysis aims to obtain the public’s weight of the criteria in water management, in order to assess the legitimacy of the reservoir enlargement, as well as other management measures. Results suggest that the AHP is an adequate tool for the WFD purposes and a useful complement for the cost-effectiveness analysis.[ES] Este trabajo pretende contribuir a la aplicación de la DMA en relación con la selección de medidas para el uso sostenible y socialmente aceptado del agua. Nuestro análisis está orientado a la obtención, mediante el proceso analítico jerárquico (AHP), de la valoración social de los criterios de gestión del agua en el Guadalquivir, analizando para ello la legitimidad de la ampliación del embalse de la Breña (Córdoba), además de la evaluación de otras posibles medidas de gestión del agua. Los resultados sugieren que el AHP constituye una herramienta adecuada para la implementación de la DMA, así como un complemento útil del análisis coste-eficacia.La financiación de la encuesta se llevó a cabo gracias a los fondos del proyecto CICYT 300083-AGR2006 financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología. Agradecemos al Dr.José Antonio Gómez-Limón del área de Economía Agraria de la E.T.S. Ingenierías Agrarias de Palencia (Universidad de Valladolid) por sus consejos y ayuda en relación a este trabajo; así como a los revisores anónimos que han contribuido con sus comentarios a la mejora del mismo.Mesa, P.; Martín-Ortega, J.; Berbel, J. (2011). Multicriteria analysis of water management under the Water Framework Directive. Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales - Agricultural and Resource Economics. 8(2):105-126. https://doi.org/10.7201/earn.2008.02.06SWORD1051268

Procesamiento de imagen para seguimiento de objetos basado en MicroBlaze

En este artículo se presenta la implementación en una FPGA Xilinx Spartan- 2E de un algoritmo de seguimiento de objetos, utilizando el microprocesador embebido MicroBlaze. La flexibilidad que ofrece esta alternativa ha permitido implementar el sistema empleando sólo una FPGA, memoria externa y un decodificador de vídeo, lo que permite reducir sus costes. Adicionalmente, el uso de las librerías estándar GNU permite que sea trivial prototipar los algoritmos en un PC para más tarde implementarlos en MicroBlaze.Este trabajo ha sido financiado por los proyectos 07T/0052/2003-3 de la Consejería de Educación de la Comunidad de Madrid y 161000 de la Fundación General de la U.A.M

Exploring the effect of landscape composition and agroecological practices on wild bees in horticultural farms

How farms and the surrounding landscape are managed locally substantially affects biodiversity, with consequent impacts on the supply of certain ecosystem services, such as pollination. Wild bees provide pollination services for small-scale horticultural farming, and are key to determining and improving farm production, as well as maintaining ecosystem-level diversity. Here, we investigated how landscape composition and agroecological practices affect wild bee community in small-scale horticultural farms. The study was conducted at 16 horticultural farms in the northern part of Madrid. The pan-trapping method was used to collect wild bees during the flowering period of horticultural plants. We interviewed farmers to identify which agroecological practices were primarily adopted to attain a resilient ecosystem. The most common practices adopted were weed control methods, natural fertilizer usage, pest control, and crop diversification. In total, 109 wild bee species were identified, and included individuals from all six bee families present on the Iberian Peninsula. One genus (Lasioglossum) was highly abundant, accounting for 68% of individuals, and is a known ground nester. Areas of sparse vegetation and bare soil and forested areas primarily enhanced the richness of bee species. On the other hand, abundance of wild bees is enhanced by pasture and forest areas. The presence of these habitats in areas surrounding farms might represent the potential nesting sites with important resources for wild bees. Small-scale horticulture production promotes landscape diversity, which strongly promotes the potential of different ecosystem services, including pollination and wild bees. Thus, implementing agroecological practices could transcend farms, and individual fields, to the landscape level, providing long-term sustainability of ecosystemsThis work was supported by the “Simbiosis api-agro” project funded by the European Union, the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Food and the Environment and Madrid Regional Government under the Rural Development Programme (rdp-cm 2014-2020); and SAVIA-Sowing Alternatives for Agroecological Innovation project, which was supported by the Madrid Government under the Multiannual Agreement with Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, in the context of the V PRICIT (Regional Programme of Research and Technological Innovation) (SI1/PJI/2019-00444