Influencia del Atlántico tropical sobre el Pacífico : interacciones aire-océano y modulaciones

Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Departamento de Física de la Tierra, Astronomía y Astrofísica I (Geofísica y Meteorología) (Astronomía y Geodesia), leída el 03-07-2015Existen dos fenómenos que controlan la variabilidad climática tropical a escalas interanuales: El Niño y la Oscilación del Sur (ENSO) en el océano Pacífico y el Niño Atlántico en el océano Atlántico. Trabajos recientes han encontrado una relación entre el Niño Atlántico y ENSO, mostrando cómo a partir de los 1970s, un Niño (Niña) Atlántico favorece el desarrollo de la Niña (Niño) del Pacífico al invierno siguiente. La presente Tesis Doctoral presenta los resultados obtenidos con objeto de esclarecer las incertidumbres que existen sobre los procesos de interacción aire-océano relacionados con la influencia de el Niño Atlántico sobre ENSO. Las conclusiones de esta Tesis indican que la temperatura de la superficie (TSM) del Atlántico tropical durante los meses de verano es capaz de modificar los procesos asociados con la generación de los eventos ENSO después de los 70. Se ha encontrado como a partir de los 70, los ENSO se caracterizan por una convergencia (divergencia) anómala de viento en el Pacífico central durante el verano boreal, que genera anomalías en la SST y profundidad de la termoclina durante los meses de invierno. Estos fenómenos están asociados con las anomalías de TSM del Atlántico ecuatorial durante el verano anterior. La conexión Atlántico-Pacífico involucra un mecanismo acoplado atmósfera-océano, de manera que, cuando tiene lugar un Niño Atlántico durante el verano boreal, se produce un aumento de la convección sobre el Atlántico ecuatorial, que altera la circulación de Walker y genera una subsidencia anómala sobre el Pacífico central. La divergencia de viento en superficie asociada levanta la termoclina y dicha perturbación se propaga hacia el este en forma de una onda de Kelvin. A medida que la onda se propaga, la termoclina se vuelve más somera, favoreciendo el enfriamiento de la superficie mediante corrientes anómalas zonales y velocidades medias verticales. Esta conexión aparece cómo el principal modo acoplado de variabilidad interanual en las regiones tropicales durante las primeras décadas del siglo XX y a partir de los 70, coincidiendo con fases negativas de la Oscilación Multi-decadal del Atlántico (AMO). La AMO podría estar modulando multidecadalmente esta conexión mediante cambios en la convección sobre el Atlántico ecuatorial y en la variabilidad oceánica en el este del Pacífico ecuatorial. Teniendo en cuenta la conexión Atlántico-Pacífico, se puede predecir estadísticamente las variables asociadas con el ENSO a partir de las anomalías de SST del Atlántico tropical durante el verano previo. Esta predicción de ENSO es buena solamente durante los periodos en los que la conexión Atlántico-Pacífico tiene lugar, es decir, durante las primeras y últimas décadas del siglo XX. Durante fases negativas de la AMO aparecen dos modos de variabilidad de la TSM del Atlántico tropical. El primer modo está asociado con un calentamiento (enfriamiento) de toda la cuenca y se relaciona con una Niña (Niño) en el Pacífico al invierno siguiente. Este modo está precedido por un debilitamiento de las Altas Presiones Subtropicales durante el otoño e invierno previos, que originan una reducción de los vientos alíseos en el norte y sur del Atlántico tropical, calentando dichas regiones a través de flujos turbulentos de calor. En la banda ecuatorial, aparece una convergencia anómala de viento que induce una convergencia de las corrientes oceánicas y una profundización de la termoclina, calentando la banda ecuatorial a través de procesos verticales. El segundo modo se caracteriza por un calentamiento anómalo del este del Atlántico ecuatorial, y anomalías negativas de TSM en el norte y sur del Atlántico tropical. Este modo esta precedido por un gradiente este-oeste de presión en superficie que origina vientos anómalos del oeste y una convergencia anómala de las corrientes en el ecuador, calentándolo mediante procesos verticales. Este Niño Atlántico no se relaciona con el fenómeno ENSO durante el invierno siguienteDepto. de Física de la Tierra y AstrofísicaFac. de Ciencias FísicasTRUEunpu

Estudio del océano superior del Pacífico Tropical y su relación con un forzamiento del Atlántico

Ponencia presentada en: XXXI Jornadas Científicas de la AME y el XI Encuentro Hispano Luso de Meteorología celebrado en Sevilla, del 1 al 3 de marzo de 2010

Análisis de la Influencia del Atlántico en la variabilidad interanual del Pacífico tropical

Ponencia presentada en: XXXII Jornadas Científicas de la AME y el XIII Encuentro Hispano Luso de Meteorología celebrado en Alcobendas (Madrid), del 28 al 30 de mayo de 2012

Propuesta de un sistema espacialmente explícito para evaluar el peligro de incendios

Los incendios forestales suponen un factor muy destacado en la transformación ambiental de buena parte de los ecosistemas terrestres. Tienen impactos globales, afectando a la superficie forestal y a las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, y efectos locales, relacionados con la degradación de suelos, erosión, modificación de la dinámica de la vegetación y pérdida de recursos y de vidas humanas. La prevención de incendios resulta cada vez más crítica, para paliar los efectos negativos de los mismos. Se presentan en este trabajo las variables de entrada y el esquema de integración para estimar el peligro de ocurrencia de incendios que se desarrolló en el marco del proyecto Firemap. Se generó información de diversas fuentes, que hacen referencia a variables socio-económicas, así como al estado de los combustibles y las características del territorio, utilizando sistemas de información geográfica (SIG) e imágenes de satélite. Todas las variables se cartografiaron a una resolución espacial de un 1 km2 y se integraron en un servidor web, que estuvo operativo para su evaluación durante el verano de 2007. Se presenta la comparación entre la variación temporal de los índices generados y la ocurrencia observada en la Comunidad de Madrid, una de las regiones del estudio.Forest fires are a major factor of environmental transformation in several ecosystems. Fires have global impacts, affecting forested areas and having an important impact in greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, fires have local impacts, associated to soil degradation, soil erosion, vegetation dynamics, and lost of lives and properties. Fire prevention is critical to reduce the negative impacts of fire. This paper presents the input variables and the integration scheme developed within the Firemap project (funded under the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology) to map wildland fire occurrence probability. The project first generated fire risk variables related to several factors of fire ignition or propagation. They were generated from a wide variety of sources using geographic information systems and remote sensing technologies. All variables were mapped at 1 sq km spatial resolution, and were integrated into single indices. The risk system included the development of a dedicated web-mapping server to facilitate the access to the end-users. This service was tested in the summer of 2007 for semi-operational use. The paper presents the first validation results of the danger index, by comparing temporal trends of the different danger components to the fire occurrence in the Madrid region, one of the test sites

Propuesta de un sistema espacialmente explícito para evaluar el peligro de incendios

Los incendios forestales suponen un factor muy destacado en la transformación ambiental de buena parte de los ecosistemas terrestres. Tienen impactos globales, afectando a la superficie forestal y a las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, y efectos locales, relacionados con la degradación de suelos, erosión, modificación de la dinámica de la vegetación y pérdida de recursos y de vidas humanas. La prevención de incendios resulta cada vez más crítica, para paliar los efectos negativos de los mismos. Se presentan en este trabajo las variables de entrada y el esquema de integración para estimar el peligro de ocurrencia de incendios que se desarrolló en el marco del proyecto Firemap. Se generó información de diversas fuentes, que hacen referencia a variables socio-económicas, así como al estado de los combustibles y las características del territorio, utilizando sistemas de información geográfica (SIG) e imágenes de satélite. Todas las variables se cartografiaron a una resolución espacial de un 1 km2 y se integraron en un servidor web, que estuvo operativo para su evaluación durante el verano de 2007. Se presenta la comparación entre la variación temporal de los índices generados y la ocurrencia observada en la Comunidad de Madrid, una de las regiones del estudio.Forest fires are a major factor of environmental transformation in several ecosystems. Fires have global impacts, affecting forested areas and having an important impact in greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, fires have local impacts, associated to soil degradation, soil erosion, vegetation dynamics, and lost of lives and properties. Fire prevention is critical to reduce the negative impacts of fire. This paper presents the input variables and the integration scheme developed within the Firemap project (funded under the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology) to map wildland fire occurrence probability. The project first generated fire risk variables related to several factors of fire ignition or propagation. They were generated from a wide variety of sources using geographic information systems and remote sensing technologies. All variables were mapped at 1 sq km spatial resolution, and were integrated into single indices. The risk system included the development of a dedicated web-mapping server to facilitate the access to the end-users. This service was tested in the summer of 2007 for semi-operational use. The paper presents the first validation results of the danger index, by comparing temporal trends of the different danger components to the fire occurrence in the Madrid region, one of the test sites

Development of a framework for fire risk assessment using remote sensing and geographic information system technologies

Forest fires play a critical role in landscape transformation, vegetation succession, soil degradation and air quality. Improvements in fire risk estimation are vital to reduce the negative impacts of fire, either by lessen burn severity or intensity through fuel management, or by aiding the natural vegetation recovery using post-fire treatments. This paper presents the methods to generate the input variables and the risk integration developed within the Firemap project (funded under the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology) to map wildland fire risk for several regions of Spain. After defining the conceptual scheme for fire risk assessment, the paper describes the methods used to generate the risk parameters, and presents proposals for their integration into synthetic risk indices. The generation of the input variables was based on an extensive use of geographic information system and remote sensing technologies, since the project was intended to provide a spatial and temporal assessment of risk conditions. All variables were mapped at 1 km2 spatial resolution, and were integrated into a web-mapping service system. This service was active in the summer of 2007 for semi-operational testing of end-users. The paper also presents the first validation results of the danger index, by comparing temporal trends of different danger components and fire occurrence in the different study regions.The Firemap project was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Education (CGL2004-060490C04-01/CLI) through the Environment and Climate programPeer reviewe

Dissecting the role of TP53 alterations in del(11q) chronic lymphocytic leukemia

© 2021 The Authors.[Background]: Several genetic alterations have been identified as driver events in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) pathogenesis and oncogenic evolution. Concurrent driver alterations usually coexist within the same tumoral clone, but how the cooperation of multiple genomic abnormalities contributes to disease progression remains poorly understood. Specifically, the biological and clinical consequences of concurrent high-risk alterations such as del(11q)/ATM-mutations and del(17p)/TP53-mutations have not been established.[Methods]: We integrated next-generation sequencing (NGS) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 techniques to characterize the in vitro and in vivo effects of concurrent monoallelic or biallelic ATM and/or TP53 alterations in CLL prognosis, clonal evolution, and therapy response.[Results]: Targeted sequencing analysis of the co-occurrence of high-risk alterations in 271 CLLs revealed that biallelic inactivation of both ATM and TP53 was mutually exclusive, whereas monoallelic del(11q) and TP53 alterations significantly co-occurred in a subset of CLL patients with a highly adverse clinical outcome. We determined the biological effects of combined del(11q), ATM and/or TP53 mutations in CRISPR/Cas9-edited CLL cell lines. Our results showed that the combination of monoallelic del(11q) and TP53 mutations in CLL cells led to a clonal advantage in vitro and in in vivo clonal competition experiments, whereas CLL cells harboring biallelic ATM and TP53 loss failed to compete in in vivo xenotransplants. Furthermore, we demonstrated that CLL cell lines harboring del(11q) and TP53 mutations show only partial responses to B cell receptor signaling inhibitors, but may potentially benefit from ATR inhibition.[Conclusions]: Our work highlights that combined monoallelic del(11q) and TP53 alterations coordinately contribute to clonal advantage and shorter overall survival in CLL.Spanish Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Grant/Award Numbers: PI15/01471, PI18/01500); Fundación Memoria Don Samuel Solórzano Barruso, Grant/Award Number: RD12/0036/006

Dissecting the role of TP53 alterations in del(11q) chronic lymphocytic leukemia

[EN]Background Several genetic alterations have been identified as driver events in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) pathogenesis and oncogenic evolution. Concurrent driver alterations usually coexist within the same tumoral clone, but how the cooperation of multiple genomic abnormalities contributes to disease progression remains poorly understood. Specifically, the biological and clinical consequences of concurrent high-risk alterations such as del(11q)/ATM-mutations and del(17p)/TP53-mutations have not been established. Methods We integrated next-generation sequencing (NGS) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 techniques to characterize the in vitro and in vivo effects of concurrent monoallelic or biallelic ATM and/or TP53 alterations in CLL prognosis, clonal evolution, and therapy response. Results Targeted sequencing analysis of the co-occurrence of high-risk alterations in 271 CLLs revealed that biallelic inactivation of both ATM and TP53 was mutually exclusive, whereas monoallelic del(11q) and TP53 alterations significantly co-occurred in a subset of CLL patients with a highly adverse clinical outcome. We determined the biological effects of combined del(11q), ATM and/or TP53 mutations in CRISPR/Cas9-edited CLL cell lines. Our results showed that the combination of monoallelic del(11q) and TP53 mutations in CLL cells led to a clonal advantage in vitro and in in vivo clonal competition experiments, whereas CLL cells harboring biallelic ATM and TP53 loss failed to compete in in vivo xenotransplants. Furthermore, we demonstrated that CLL cell lines harboring del(11q) and TP53 mutations show only partial responses to B cell receptor signaling inhibitors, but may potentially benefit from ATR inhibition. Conclusions Our work highlights that combined monoallelic del(11q) and TP53 alterations coordinately contribute to clonal advantage and shorter overall survival in CLL

Patient preferences and treatment safety for uncomplicated vulvovaginal candidiasis in primary health care

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Vaginitis is a common complaint in primary care. In uncomplicated candidal vaginitis, there are no differences in effectiveness between oral or vaginal treatment. Some studies describe that the preferred treatment is the oral one, but a Cochrane's review points out inconsistencies associated with the report of the preferred way that limit the use of such data. Risk factors associated with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis still remain controversial.</p> <p>Methods/Design</p> <p>This work describes a protocol of a multicentric prospective observational study with one year follow up, to describe the women's reasons and preferences to choose the way of administration (oral vs topical) in the treatment of not complicated candidal vaginitis. The number of women required is 765, they are chosen by consecutive sampling. All of whom are aged 16 and over with vaginal discharge and/or vaginal pruritus, diagnosed with not complicated vulvovaginitis in Primary Care in Madrid.</p> <p>The main outcome variable is the preferences of the patients in treatment choice; secondary outcome variables are time to symptoms relief and adverse reactions and the frequency of recurrent vulvovaginitis and the risk factors. In the statistical analysis, for the main objective will be descriptive for each of the variables, bivariant analysis and multivariate analysis (logistic regression).. The dependent variable being the type of treatment chosen (oral or topical) and the independent, the variables that after bivariant analysis, have been associated to the treatment preference.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>Clinical decisions, recommendations, and practice guidelines must not only attend to the best available evidence, but also to the values and preferences of the informed patient.</p

Effectiveness of a cognitive behavioral intervention in patients with medically unexplained symptoms: cluster randomized trial

BACKGROUND: Medically unexplained symptoms are an important mental health problem in primary care and generate a high cost in health services.Cognitive behavioral therapy and psychodynamic therapy have proven effective in these patients. However, there are few studies on the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions by primary health care. The project aims to determine whether a cognitive-behavioral group intervention in patients with medically unexplained symptoms, is more effective than routine clinical practice to improve the quality of life measured by the SF-12 questionary at 12 month. METHODS/DESIGN: This study involves a community based cluster randomized trial in primary healthcare centres in Madrid (Spain). The number of patients required is 242 (121 in each arm), all between 18 and 65 of age with medically unexplained symptoms that had seeked medical attention in primary care at least 10 times during the previous year. The main outcome variable is the quality of life measured by the SF-12 questionnaire on Mental Healthcare. Secondary outcome variables include number of consultations, number of drug (prescriptions) and number of days of sick leave together with other prognosis and descriptive variables. Main effectiveness will be analyzed by comparing the percentage of patients that improve at least 4 points on the SF-12 questionnaire between intervention and control groups at 12 months. All statistical tests will be performed with intention to treat. Logistic regression with random effects will be used to adjust for prognostic factors. Confounding factors or factors that might alter the effect recorded will be taken into account in this analysis. DISCUSSION: This study aims to provide more insight to address medically unexplained symptoms, highly prevalent in primary care, from a quantitative methodology. It involves intervention group conducted by previously trained nursing staff to diminish the progression to the chronicity of the symptoms, improve quality of life, and reduce frequency of medical consultations. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01484223 [http://ClinicalTrials.gov].S