Oligarquías y poderes concejiles en la Castilla bajomedieval: balance y perspectivas

Producción CientíficaConcejos, poderes municipales, formación de las primeras oligarquías y de las estrategias y mecanismos de dominación... son algunos de los problemas sobre los que tradicionalmente ha girado la historiografía medieval castellana. Sin embargo, y como es bien sabido, no se trata de cuestiones recientes ni mucho menos, tampoco, de temas que hayan gozado de una mínima unanimidad en su tratamiento; al contrario, lejos de ser una novedad, la valoración del municipio en el Antiguo Régimen y el proceso de constitución de las oligarquías han centrado la atención de un gran número de historiadores, que, desde diversas perspectivas, han abordado su estudio desde bien entrado el siglo XIX. [Texto extraído del artículo de Juan Carlos Martín Cea]

Conversación con Julián Casanova: sobre la Historia, los historiadores y la Universidad

A partir del análisis del carácter polisémico de la expresión "Crisis de la Historia" y de matizar el supuesto declive de las grandes corrientes historiográficas del siglo XX, la entrevista reflexiona sobre distintas alternativas historiográficas planteadas en la actualidad -nueva Historia Cultural, emergencia de nuevos temas y sujetos: raza, género, subalternos ... -, indaga sobre la crisis del oficio de historiador dentro de la sociedad y revisa el papel de la Sociología Histórica y su vinculación con la renovación de la Historia Social. Asimismo, se discute sobre la situación de la historiografía en España, los problemas de los historiadores, su relación con el panorama universitario actual en nuestro país y se debaten algunas de sus posibles soluciones.After considering the polysemic nature of the very phrase "the crisis of History" and qualifying the alleged decline of the twentieth century's major historiographical trends, this interview explores the several alternatives that lie open today -the New Cultural History, the rise of new topics and subjects for History (race, gender, subaltern studies ... }- and probes into the crisis surrounding the historian' s job in to-day's society while reviewing at the same time the role of Historical Sociology and its connections with the renewal of Social History. Together with that, this item includes a discussion of present-day historiography in Spain, the main problems that affect its practitioners, its bonds with the University world and the range of possible solutions

Paisagem, água e história

Producción CientíficaHeritage is composed by cultural assets, tangible and intangible, natural and environmental, that are the builders of Human History which must be preserved and protected for future generations. Protecting heritage is preserving the cultural memory of a community, the identity of a place, of a landscape. Protecting the asset for the visitor means to know it, communicate and interpret this heritage with the accuracy it deserves. In this work we intend to bring water’s importance to a wider audience, as part of the landscape, intending to join its history to raise awareness for the value of an essential good to men and to the territories.O património cultural é composto por bens tangíveis e intangíveis, naturais e ambientais, que são os construtores da História Humana, condição em que devem ser preservados e protegidos para as futuras gerações. Proteger o patrimônio é preservar a memória cultural de uma comunidade, a identidade de um lugar, de uma paisagem. Proteger o bem para o visitante significa conhecer, comunicar e interpretar essa herança com a precisão que merece. Neste trabalho, pretendemos discutir a importância da água para um público mais amplo, como parte da paisagem, com a intenção de associar sua história à conscientização quanto ao seu valor como bem essencial para os indivíduos e para os territórios

Abordagem metodológica de conservação da história e do patrimônio: o Vale do Douro

O Patrimônio em áreas rurais ou urbanas anota a passagem do tempo e da história das comunidades. Evoca memórias locais que permitem ao visitante sentir diversas emoções e passar por várias experiências. Monumentos ou construções mais simples, mais complexos ou até desaparecidos, podem ser transformados em paisagens cênicas e atrair visitantes permitindo conhecer as diferentes perspectivas com que o homem assentou nos espaços num determinado tempo. Propõe-se capturar esses momentos históricos, sobreviventes nos territórios até aos nossos dias e expor o significado estético, social, econômico e político como parte de uma construção espacial preparada para ser visitada e conhecida em comum. Retratamos um elemento de grande relevo para a Península Ibérica – o Rio Douro – e sugerimos que esta herança histórica comum, que se apresenta hoje de formas diversas, seja incluída nos itinerários de forma a revelar cenários interpretados e levar os visitantes a lugares históricos plenos de emoção. Sugerimos como metodologia a reflexão e o debate em torno da revisão da literatura, resultantes de projetos desenvolvidos sobre o tema da água desde 1996, sob a supervisão de Isabel Del Val Valdivieso e com a colaboração de numerosos pesquisadores da Península Ibérica que produziram extensa literatura sobre a temática da presença de água na história. De acordo com os resultados desses projetos, desenvolve-se uma metodologia que possa salvaguardar e comunicar o patrimônio com uma perspectiva de preservação e manutenção da memória para as futuras gerações, em particular do patrimônio desaparecido ou ainda adormecido no subsolo. Palavras-chave: Patrimônio. Significância. História. Visita

Methodological approach to history and heritage conservation: the Douro Valley

Producción CientíficaO Patrimônio em áreas rurais ou urbanas anota a passagem do tempo e da história das comunidades. Evoca memórias locais que permitem ao visitante sentir diversas emoções e passar por várias experiências. Monumentos ou construções mais simples, mais complexos ou até desaparecidos, podem ser transformados em paisagens cênicas e atrair visitantes permitindo conhecer as diferentes perspectivas com que o homem assentou nos espaços num determinado tempo. Propõe-se capturar esses momentos históricos, sobreviventes nos territórios até aos nossos dias e expor o significado estético, social, econômico e político como parte de uma construção espacial preparada para ser visitada e conhecida em comum. Retratamos um elemento de grande relevo para a Península Ibérica – o Rio Douro – e sugerimos que esta herança histórica comum, que se apresenta hoje de formas diversas, seja incluída nos itinerários de forma a revelar cenários interpretados e levar os visitantes a lugares históricos plenos de emoção. Sugerimos como metodologia a reflexão e o debate em torno da revisão da literatura, resultantes de projetos desenvolvidos sobre o tema da água desde 1996, sob a supervisão de Isabel Del Val Valdivieso e com a colaboração de numerosos pesquisadores da Península Ibérica que produziram extensa literatura sobre a temática da presença de água na história. De acordo com os resultados desses projetos, desenvolve-se uma metodologia que possa salvaguardar e comunicar o patrimônio com uma perspectiva de preservação e manutenção da memória para as futuras gerações, em particular do patrimônio desaparecido ou ainda adormecido no subsolo.The heritage in urban or rural spaces show the path of time and the history of communities. Evokes local memories that present several emotions and experiences for visitors. Monuments or constructions simpler, more complex or even missing, can be transformed into scenic landscapes and attract visitors allowing them to know the different perspectives with which the man settled in a certain space and a certain time. It is propose to capture these historical moments, surviving in the territory up to the present day and to expose the aesthetic, social, economic and political significance as part of the places construction prepared to be visited and known in common. We have portrayed an element of great importance for the Iberian Peninsula – the Douro River – and we suggest that this common historical heritage, which presents itself today in different forms, be included in the itineraries in order to reveal scenarios and take visitors to historical places full of emotion. We suggest as methodology the reflection and debate around the literature review, resulting from projects developed around water since 1996, under the supervision of Isabel Del Val Valdivieso and with the collaboration of numerous researchers in the Iberian Peninsula that produced extensive literature on the thematic of the presence of water in history. Following the results of these projects, we are able to propose a methodology that could open a new look to the heritage with a preservation and memory maintenance for the future generation, in particular disappeared or hidden underground heritage

Predictive Power of the "Trigger Tool" for the detection of adverse events in general surgery: a multicenter observational validation study

Background In spite of the global implementation of standardized surgical safety checklists and evidence-based practices, general surgery remains associated with a high residual risk of preventable perioperative complications and adverse events. This study was designed to validate the hypothesis that a new “Trigger Tool” represents a sensitive predictor of adverse events in general surgery. Methods An observational multicenter validation study was performed among 31 hospitals in Spain. The previously described “Trigger Tool” based on 40 specific triggers was applied to validate the predictive power of predicting adverse events in the perioperative care of surgical patients. A prediction model was used by means of a binary logistic regression analysis. Results The prevalence of adverse events among a total of 1,132 surgical cases included in this study was 31.53%. The “Trigger Tool” had a sensitivity and specificity of 86.27% and 79.55% respectively for predicting these adverse events. A total of 12 selected triggers of overall 40 triggers were identified for optimizing the predictive power of the “Trigger Tool”. Conclusions The “Trigger Tool” has a high predictive capacity for predicting adverse events in surgical procedures. We recommend a revision of the original 40 triggers to 12 selected triggers to optimize the predictive power of this tool, which will have to be validated in future studies

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Largest HIV-1 CRF02_AG Outbreak in Spain: Evidence for Onward Transmissions

Background and Aim: The circulating recombinant form 02_AG (CRF02_AG) is the predominant clade among the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) non-Bs with a prevalence of 5.97% (95% Confidence Interval-CI: 5.41–6.57%) across Spain. Our aim was to estimate the levels of regional clustering for CRF02_AG and the spatiotemporal characteristics of the largest CRF02_AG subepidemic in Spain.Methods: We studied 396 CRF02_AG sequences obtained from HIV-1 diagnosed patients during 2000–2014 from 10 autonomous communities of Spain. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the 391 CRF02_AG sequences along with all globally sampled CRF02_AG sequences (N = 3,302) as references. Phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis was performed to the largest CRF02_AG monophyletic cluster by a Bayesian method in BEAST v1.8.0 and by reconstructing ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony in Mesquite v3.4, respectively.Results: The HIV-1 CRF02_AG prevalence differed across Spanish autonomous communities we sampled from (p < 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 52.7% of the CRF02_AG sequences formed 56 monophyletic clusters, with a range of 2–79 sequences. The CRF02_AG regional dispersal differed across Spain (p = 0.003), as suggested by monophyletic clustering. For the largest monophyletic cluster (subepidemic) (N = 79), 49.4% of the clustered sequences originated from Madrid, while most sequences (51.9%) had been obtained from men having sex with men (MSM). Molecular clock analysis suggested that the origin (tMRCA) of the CRF02_AG subepidemic was in 2002 (median estimate; 95% Highest Posterior Density-HPD interval: 1999–2004). Additionally, we found significant clustering within the CRF02_AG subepidemic according to the ethnic origin.Conclusion: CRF02_AG has been introduced as a result of multiple introductions in Spain, following regional dispersal in several cases. We showed that CRF02_AG transmissions were mostly due to regional dispersal in Spain. The hot-spot for the largest CRF02_AG regional subepidemic in Spain was in Madrid associated with MSM transmission risk group. The existence of subepidemics suggest that several spillovers occurred from Madrid to other areas. CRF02_AG sequences from Hispanics were clustered in a separate subclade suggesting no linkage between the local and Hispanic subepidemics

Detailed stratified GWAS analysis for severe COVID-19 in four European populations

Given the highly variable clinical phenotype of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a deeper analysis of the host genetic contribution to severe COVID-19 is important to improve our understanding of underlying disease mechanisms. Here, we describe an extended genome-wide association meta-analysis of a well-characterized cohort of 3255 COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure and 12 488 population controls from Italy, Spain, Norway and Germany/Austria, including stratified analyses based on age, sex and disease severity, as well as targeted analyses of chromosome Y haplotypes, the human leukocyte antigen region and the SARS-CoV-2 peptidome. By inversion imputation, we traced a reported association at 17q21.31 to a ~0.9-Mb inversion polymorphism that creates two highly differentiated haplotypes and characterized the potential effects of the inversion in detail. Our data, together with the 5th release of summary statistics from the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative including non-Caucasian individuals, also identified a new locus at 19q13.33, including NAPSA, a gene which is expressed primarily in alveolar cells responsible for gas exchange in the lung.S.E.H. and C.A.S. partially supported genotyping through a philanthropic donation. A.F. and D.E. were supported by a grant from the German Federal Ministry of Education and COVID-19 grant Research (BMBF; ID:01KI20197); A.F., D.E. and F.D. were supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Cluster of Excellence ‘Precision Medicine in Chronic Inflammation’ (EXC2167). D.E. was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the framework of the Computational Life Sciences funding concept (CompLS grant 031L0165). D.E., K.B. and S.B. acknowledge the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF14CC0001 and NNF17OC0027594). T.L.L., A.T. and O.Ö. were funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation), project numbers 279645989; 433116033; 437857095. M.W. and H.E. are supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) through the Research Training Group 1743, ‘Genes, Environment and Inflammation’. L.V. received funding from: Ricerca Finalizzata Ministero della Salute (RF-2016-02364358), Italian Ministry of Health ‘CV PREVITAL’—strategie di prevenzione primaria cardiovascolare primaria nella popolazione italiana; The European Union (EU) Programme Horizon 2020 (under grant agreement No. 777377) for the project LITMUS- and for the project ‘REVEAL’; Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda ‘Ricerca corrente’, Fondazione Sviluppo Ca’ Granda ‘Liver-BIBLE’ (PR-0391), Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda ‘5permille’ ‘COVID-19 Biobank’ (RC100017A). A.B. was supported by a grant from Fondazione Cariplo to Fondazione Tettamanti: ‘Bio-banking of Covid-19 patient samples to support national and international research (Covid-Bank). This research was partly funded by an MIUR grant to the Department of Medical Sciences, under the program ‘Dipartimenti di Eccellenza 2018–2022’. This study makes use of data generated by the GCAT-Genomes for Life. Cohort study of the Genomes of Catalonia, Fundació IGTP (The Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol) IGTP is part of the CERCA Program/Generalitat de Catalunya. GCAT is supported by Acción de Dinamización del ISCIII-MINECO and the Ministry of Health of the Generalitat of Catalunya (ADE 10/00026); the Agència de Gestió d’Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (AGAUR) (2017-SGR 529). M.M. received research funding from grant PI19/00335 Acción Estratégica en Salud, integrated in the Spanish National RDI Plan and financed by ISCIII-Subdirección General de Evaluación and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)-Una manera de hacer Europa’). B.C. is supported by national grants PI18/01512. X.F. is supported by the VEIS project (001-P-001647) (co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), ‘A way to build Europe’). Additional data included in this study were obtained in part by the COVICAT Study Group (Cohort Covid de Catalunya) supported by IsGlobal and IGTP, European Institute of Innovation & Technology (EIT), a body of the European Union, COVID-19 Rapid Response activity 73A and SR20-01024 La Caixa Foundation. A.J. and S.M. were supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (grant numbers: PSE-010000-2006-6 and IPT-010000-2010-36). A.J. was also supported by national grant PI17/00019 from the Acción Estratégica en Salud (ISCIII) and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER). The Basque Biobank, a hospital-related platform that also involves all Osakidetza health centres, the Basque government’s Department of Health and Onkologikoa, is operated by the Basque Foundation for Health Innovation and Research-BIOEF. M.C. received Grants BFU2016-77244-R and PID2019-107836RB-I00 funded by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI, Spain) and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER, EU). M.R.G., J.A.H., R.G.D. and D.M.M. are supported by the ‘Spanish Ministry of Economy, Innovation and Competition, the Instituto de Salud Carlos III’ (PI19/01404, PI16/01842, PI19/00589, PI17/00535 and GLD19/00100) and by the Andalussian government (Proyectos Estratégicos-Fondos Feder PE-0451-2018, COVID-Premed, COVID GWAs). The position held by Itziar de Rojas Salarich is funded by grant FI20/00215, PFIS Contratos Predoctorales de Formación en Investigación en Salud. Enrique Calderón’s team is supported by CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), ‘Instituto de Salud Carlos III’. J.C.H. reports grants from Research Council of Norway grant no 312780 during the conduct of the study. E.S. reports grants from Research Council of Norway grant no. 312769. The BioMaterialBank Nord is supported by the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Airway Research Center North (ARCN). The BioMaterialBank Nord is member of popgen 2.0 network (P2N). P.K. Bergisch Gladbach, Germany and the Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. He is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). O.A.C. is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Research and Education and is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy—CECAD, EXC 2030–390661388. The COMRI cohort is funded by Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. This work was supported by grants of the Rolf M. Schwiete Stiftung, the Saarland University, BMBF and The States of Saarland and Lower Saxony. K.U.L. is supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG, LU-1944/3-1). Genotyping for the BoSCO study is funded by the Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Bonn. F.H. was supported by the Bavarian State Ministry for Science and Arts. Part of the genotyping was supported by a grant to A.R. from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, grant: 01ED1619A, European Alzheimer DNA BioBank, EADB) within the context of the EU Joint Programme—Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND). Additional funding was derived from the German Research Foundation (DFG) grant: RA 1971/6-1 to A.R. P.R. is supported by the DFG (CCGA Sequencing Centre and DFG ExC2167 PMI and by SH state funds for COVID19 research). F.T. is supported by the Clinician Scientist Program of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Cluster of Excellence ‘Precision Medicine in Chronic Inflammation’ (EXC2167). C.L. and J.H. are supported by the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF). T.B., M.M.B., O.W. und A.H. are supported by the Stiftung Universitätsmedizin Essen. M.A.-H. was supported by Juan de la Cierva Incorporacion program, grant IJC2018-035131-I funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. E.C.S. is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; SCHU 2419/2-1).Peer reviewe