Increases in sampling support the southern Gondwanan hypothesis for the origin of dinosaurs

Dinosaurs were ubiquitous in terrestrial ecosystems through most of the Mesozoic and are still diversely represented in the modern fauna in the form of birds. Recent efforts to better understand the origins of the group have resulted in the discovery of many new species of early dinosaurs and their closest relatives (dinosauromorphs). In addition, recent re-examinations of early dinosaur phylogeny have highlighted uncertainties regarding the interrelationships of the main dinosaur lineages (Sauropodomorpha, Theropoda and Ornithischia), and questioned the traditional hypothesis that the group originated in South Gondwana and gradually dispersed over Pangaea. Here, we use a historical approach to examine the impact of new fossil discoveries and changing phylogenetic hypotheses on biogeographic scenarios for dinosaur origins over 20 years of research time, and analyse the results in the light of different fossil record sampling regimes. Our results consistently optimize South Gondwana as the ancestral area for Dinosauria, as well as for more inclusive clades including Dinosauromorpha, and show that this hypothesis is robust to increased taxonomic and geographic sampling and divergent phylogenetic results. Our results do not find any support for the recently proposed Laurasian origin of dinosaurs and suggest that a southern Gondwanan origin is by far the most plausible given our current knowledge of the diversity of early dinosaurs and non-dinosaurian dinosauromorphs

R packages

R packages to run the biogeographical analyses

Data from: Increases in sampling support the southern Gondwanan hypothesis for the origin of dinosaurs

Dinosaurs were ubiquitous in terrestrial ecosystems through most of the Mesozoic and are still diversely represented in the modern fauna in the form of birds. Recent efforts to better understand the origins of the group have resulted in the discovery of many new species of early dinosaurs and their closest relatives (dinosauromorphs). In addition, recent re-examinations of early dinosaur phylogeny have highlighted uncertainties regarding the interrelationships of the main dinosaur lineages (Sauropodomorpha, Theropoda and Ornithischia), and questioned the traditional hypothesis that the group originated in South Gondwana and gradually dispersed over Pangaea. Here, we use a historical approach to examine the impact of new fossil discoveries and changing phylogenetic hypotheses on biogeographic scenarios for dinosaur origins over 20 years of research time, and analyse the results in the light of different fossil record sampling regimes. Our results consistently optimize South Gondwana as the ancestral area for Dinosauria, as well as for more inclusive clades including Dinosauromorpha, and show that this hypothesis is robust to increased taxonomic and geographic sampling and divergent phylogenetic results. Our results do not find any support for the recently proposed Laurasian origin of dinosaurs and suggest that a southern Gondwanan origin is by far the most plausible given our current knowledge of the diversity of early dinosaurs and non-dinosaurian dinosauromorphs

Supplementary files

This folder includes all data required to run the biogeographic analyses (Ages, Areas, Distance multipliers, Time periods and Newick trees) and the resulting Tests tables (LRT and AICc) of our analyses

Appendix S1

This file includes all results of the analysis, including the exploratory analysis which consider the ichnological record of possible dinosauromorphs in the Early-Middle Triassic of Europe

A Late Cretaceous mammal from Brazil and the first radioisotopic age for the Bauru Group

sem informaçãoIn the last three decades, records of tribosphenidan mammals from India, continental Africa, Madagascar and South America have challenged the notion of a strictly Laurasian distribution of the group during the Cretaceous. Here, we describe a lower premola55111sem informaçãosem informaçãosem informaçã

Castro et al_ESM-v3.docx from A late Cretaceous mammal from Brazil and the first radioisotopic age for the Bauru Group

Expanded comparison of Brasilestes stardusti, additional data on the enamel, geological settings, and U-Pb geochronolog

Adolescentes autores de atos infracionais: psicologia moral e legislação Adolescents who committed criminal transgressions: moral psychology and brazilian laws

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de discutir o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente - ECA, e o Sistema Nacional de Atendimento Socioeducativo - SINASE, os quais dispõem sobre a proteção integral dos direitos fundamentais de crianças e adolescentes. Foca-se a discussão nas diretrizes do atendimento a adolescentes em cumprimento de medidas socioeducativas, especialmente em instituições de ressocialização, destacando-se como características imprescindíveis para o desenvolvimento integral dos adolescentes: o estímulo à negociação, à autonomia, e à democracia, especialmente no relacionamento entre profissionais e adolescentes. Estes documentos são analisados à luz das contribuições teóricas de Piaget para o campo da Psicologia do Desenvolvimento, bem como de achados atuais sobre o desenvolvimento sociomoral de crianças e adolescentes autores de atos infracionais.<br>This article aims to discuss Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA) and Sistema Nacional de Atendimento Socioeducativo (SINASE) which provide for full protection of fundamental rights of children and adolescents. This discussion is based on the perspective of Psychology of Moral Development, especially Piaget' theory and some recent work about social-moral development of young transgressors. It will be emphasized the necessity of changing the assistance to this public, incorporating some ideals like moral autonomy, democracy and interpersonal respect in the routines of the institutions of re-socialization