Predição da frequência cardíaca basal de indivíduos com níveis de atividade física alto e baixo

INTRODUCTION: Basal heart rate (HRbasal) is measured minutes upon waking up, since it has rhythmic changes throughout the day. OBJECTIVE: Considering the difficulty in achieving the standard conditions for its measurement, the objective was to propose an equation for predicting HRBasal. Therefore, at first, it was necessary to describe the pattern of rhythmicity of HR and study the influence of habitual physical activity level (PAL) on this rhythmicity. METHOD: 90 subjects (54 men and 36 women) filled out the Baecke Questionnaire, median was used to form the PAL A and PAL B groups. The subjects self-assessed HRres at 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 and 24 h using a cardio frequency meter. To describe the rhythmicity and identify the PAL influence, ANOVA followed by Tukey test (p> 0.05) were applied for absolute and normalized values of HRres. The normalized values were adjusted by second-order polynomial to construct the prediction equation, whose validity was tested by Pearson correlation (p> 0.05) and standard error of estimate (SEE). RESULTS: HRres in bpm, of the PAL A group was lower than in the PAL B group at all moments tested: 60 ± 7.5, 64 ± 9.3, 63 ± 8.1, 66 ± 8.7, 66 ± 7,7, 64 and 60 ± 8.1 ± 8.2 compared to: 66 ± 9.6, 11.4 ± 71, 72 ± 11.6, 73 ± 10.8, 10.7 ± 74, 69 ± 9.4 and 10.7 ± 68. Concerning normalized values, no significant differences were found between the two groups and both showed rhythmicity similar to a parabola. The prediction equation showed r 0.70 to 0.83 and SEE from 4.8 to 6.2 bpm. CONCLUSION: HRres presents lower values in more active individuals, but with the same pattern of rhythmicity. This equation enables prediction of FCbasal from the measurement of HRres taken at different times of day.INTRODUÇÃO: A frequência cardíaca basal (FCbasal) é medida ao despertar, já que apresenta alterações rítmicas ao longo do dia. OBJETIVO: Em vista da dificuldade em conseguir mensurar, o objetivo do estudo foi propor uma equação de predição da FCBasal. Para isto, foi necessário, em primeiro lugar, descrever o padrão de ritmicidade da FC e estudar a influência do nível de atividade física habitual (NAF) sobre tal ritmicidade. MÉTODO: 90 indivíduos responderam o questionário de Baecke, cuja mediana foi usada para a constituição dos grupos NAF A e NAF B. Os sujeitos autoavaliaram a FCrep às 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 e 24 h. Para descrever a ritmicidade e identificar a influência do NAF, aplicou-se ANOVA seguida do teste de Tukey (p > 0,05) aos valores absolutos e normalizados de FCrep. Os valores normalizados foram ajustados por polinômio de segundo grau para construir a equação de predição, cuja validade foi testada por correlação de Pearson (p > 0,05) e erro padrão de estimativa (EPE). RESULTADOS: A FCrep do grupo NAF A foi menor que a do grupo NAF B em todos horários avaliados: 60 ± 7,5, 64 ± 9,3, 63 ± 8,1, 66 ± 8,7, 66 ± 7,7, 64 ± 8,1 e 60 ± 8,2; em comparação com: 66 ± 9,6, 71 ± 11,4, 72 ± 11,6, 73 ± 10,8, 74 ± 10,7, 69 ± 9,4 e 68 ± 10,7. Para os valores normalizados, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos, ambos apresentaram padrão de ritmicidade semelhante a uma parábola. A equação de predição apresentou r de 0,70 a 0,83 e EPE de 4,8 a 6,2 bpm. CONCLUSÃO: A FCrep apresenta valores mais baixos em indivíduos mais ativos, porém com o mesmo padrão de ritmicidade. É possível predizer a FCbasal a partir da medição da FCrep feita em diferentes horários do dia

Genome of the Avirulent Human-Infective Trypanosome—Trypanosoma rangeli

Background: Trypanosoma rangeli is a hemoflagellate protozoan parasite infecting humans and other wild and domestic mammals across Central and South America. It does not cause human disease, but it can be mistaken for the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi. We have sequenced the T. rangeli genome to provide new tools for elucidating the distinct and intriguing biology of this species and the key pathways related to interaction with its arthropod and mammalian hosts.  Methodology/Principal Findings: The T. rangeli haploid genome is ,24 Mb in length, and is the smallest and least repetitive trypanosomatid genome sequenced thus far. This parasite genome has shorter subtelomeric sequences compared to those of T. cruzi and T. brucei; displays intraspecific karyotype variability and lacks minichromosomes. Of the predicted 7,613 protein coding sequences, functional annotations could be determined for 2,415, while 5,043 are hypothetical proteins, some with evidence of protein expression. 7,101 genes (93%) are shared with other trypanosomatids that infect humans. An ortholog of the dcl2 gene involved in the T. brucei RNAi pathway was found in T. rangeli, but the RNAi machinery is non-functional since the other genes in this pathway are pseudogenized. T. rangeli is highly susceptible to oxidative stress, a phenotype that may be explained by a smaller number of anti-oxidant defense enzymes and heatshock proteins.  Conclusions/Significance: Phylogenetic comparison of nuclear and mitochondrial genes indicates that T. rangeli and T. cruzi are equidistant from T. brucei. In addition to revealing new aspects of trypanosome co-evolution within the vertebrate and invertebrate hosts, comparative genomic analysis with pathogenic trypanosomatids provides valuable new information that can be further explored with the aim of developing better diagnostic tools and/or therapeutic targets

Substituição do Milho pela Farinha de Mandioca de Varredura em Dietas de Cabras em Lactação: Produção e Composição do Leite e Digestibilidade dos Nutrientes Corn Replacement by Cassava by-Product Meal in the Lactating Goat Diets: Effects on Milk Production and Composition and Nutrients Digestibility

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da substituição do milho pela farinha de mandioca de varredura, em dietas de cabras Saanen em lactação, sobre o desempenho, a composição do leite (sólidos totais e proteína bruta), a digestibilidade da matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra insolúvel em detergente neutro (FDN), e amido e a concentração dos nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) das dietas. Foram utilizadas quatro cabras há 100 dias em lactação. O delineamento utilizado foi o quadrado latino 4 x 4, em que os tratamentos consistiram em níveis de 0, 33, 67 e 100% de substituição do milho pela farinha de varredura. Os tratamentos não influenciaram a ingestão, excreção fecal, digestão total e a digestibilidade total da MS, MO, PB, FDN e carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF). Houve diminuição linear na excreção fecal e aumento na digestibilidade do amido, com a inclusão da farinha de mandioca de varredura. O NDT não diferiu entre as dietas estudadas, com média de 71,59%. Houve correlação positiva entre a digestibilidade da matéria orgânica (DIGMO) e o NDT (r = 0,9472), permitindo estimativas do NDT a partir da equação NDT (%) = 0,8897DIGMO (%) + 10,9940 (R²=0,8972). A substituição da farinha da mandioca de varredura não alterou a produção, bem como a composição do leite. Recomenda-se a utilização da farinha de mandioca de varredura em dietas de cabras em lactação, em total substituição ao milho, sem prejuízos na digestibilidade dos nutrientes e na produção.<br>The objectives of this work were to evaluate effects of replacing corn by cassava by-product meal, in diets of Saanen lactating goats, on milk production and composition (total solids and crude protein), nutrient apparent digestibility and total digestible nutrients (TDN) of diets. Four multiparous goats fitted with ruminal cannula, with 100 days of lactation, were used. The design was a 4 x 4 Latin square and treatments as following: 0, 33, 67 and 100% replacement of corn by cassava by-product meal. Treatments did not affect intake, fecal flow and dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral fiber detergent (NDF) and non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) total digestion (AD) and total digestibility (DIG). There was a linear fecal flow decrease and a starch digestibility increase with cassava by-product meal inclusion. TDN did not differ among diets with an average of 71.59%. There was a positive correlation (r = 0.9472) between OMDIG and TDN, making possible TDN estimation from the equation: TDN (%) = 0.8897OMDIG (%) + 10.9940 (R² = 0.8972). Cassava by-product inclusion did not affect milk production and composition (total solids and crude protein). These results permit to recommend inclusion of cassava by-product in goat lactating diets, in total replacement of corn without problems related to nutrient digestibility and milk production

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora