Spatial Metaphor in the Pauline Epistles

Dieser Beitrag analysiert räumliche Metaphern in den Paulusbriefen im Rahmen der kognitiven Metapherntheorie Lakoffs und Johnsons. Diese Theorie modelliert Metaphern als Zugriff auf einen komplexeren Sinnbereich (‚Zieldomäne‘), indem man die Struktur eines einfacheren Sinnbereichs (‚Quelldomäne‘) auf die Zieldomäne abbildet. Paulus’ Metaphern sind innovativ, doch ihr Hauptmerkmal ist Verfremdung, die eine neue Perspektive auf vertraute Phänomene eröffnet. Für Metaphern bedeutet dies, dass ihre Grenzen hervorgehoben werden. Aber wenn Metaphern ein komplexes Konzept zugänglicher machen, erscheint Verfremdung für die didaktischen und ermahnenden Briefe unpassend. Zudem sind die Themen des Paulus neuartig und bedürfen keiner Verfremdung, um Vertrautheit zu überwinden. Ich führe Paulus’ Motivation für die Verwendung verfremdender Metaphern auf die Neuartigkeit seiner Gedanken zurück. Um diese ausdrücken zu können, musste er Metaphern verwenden, die nicht vollkommen präzise sind. Daher verfremdete er diese, um ihre Beschränkungen aufzuzeigen und davor zu warnen, sie zu weit zu treiben. Folglich kann Verfremdung nicht nur zur Aufhebung von Vertrautheit eingesetzt werden

Signalling conditional relations

We investigate how discourse relations and their subtypes are signalled, extending the set of discourse signals from connectives and lexical cue phrases to the wide range of semantic, syntactic, and orthographic signals of the RST Signalling Corpus (Das, Debopam & Maite Taboada. 2018. RST signalling corpus. Language Resources and Evaluation 52. 149–184). This extension requires re-evaluating previous predictions on discourse signalling, in particular, those of Sanders, Ted. 2005. Coherence, causality and cognitive complexity in discourse. In M. Aurnague, M. Bras, A. Le Draoulec & L. Vieu (eds.), Proceedings/Actes SEM-05, first international symposium on the exploration and modelling of meaning, 105–114. Biarritz causality-by-default hypothesis, the hypothesis of uniform information density (Frank, Austin & Florian Jaeger. 2008. Speaking rationally: Uniform information density as an optimal strategy for language production. In Proceedings of the 30th annual meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 933–938. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7d08h6j4 (accessed 18 May 2022)), and the hypothesis that discourse is continuous by preference (Segal, Erwin, Judith Duchan & Paula Scott. 1991. The role of interclausal connectives in narrative structuring. Discourse Processes 14. 27–54; Murray, John. 1997. Connectives and narrative text. Memory and Cognition 25. 227–236). We evaluate the predictions of these theories on the conditional relations in the RST Discourse Treebank (Carlson, Lynn, Daniel Marcu & Mary Ellen Okurowski. 2002. RST Discourse Treebank. LDC2002T07. Philadelphia: Linguistic Data Consortium), using causal relations as a control group. Informativity and continuity are operationalized in terms of semantic complexity and Givón, Talmy. 1993. English grammar: A function-based introduction, vol. 2. Amsterdam: John Benjamins dimensions of deictic shift. Our results show that the hypotheses make accurate predictions only for the relation groups in their entirety but not for the observed in-group variation, in particular, the low amount of marking for the hypothetical subtype of conditional relations. We attribute this difference to the distribution of intra- and inter-sentential occurrences across the conditional subtypes: intra-sentential relations are consistently more marked than inter-sentential ones, and hypothetical relations are special in that they appear predominantly inter-sententially.Peer Reviewe

IMPLICIT REGISTER MARKING IN GERMAN VIA METAPHOR AND METONYMY

In this article, we examined implicit register marking through metaphor and metonymy. Specifically, we intended to analyse the ways in which metaphor and metonymy are used to mark register properties in selected text types. As an empirical basis for this investigation, we annotated a corpus of six text types that exhibit diversity along a number of important register properties (e.g., persuasivity, literality/orality, or hierarchical vs. equal relations between interlocutors). Our results show a strong dependence of metaphor and metonymy on persuasivity, whereas no such dependence was found with respect to literality and orality. Instead, we found a new register property, viz., length restriction, to be strongly correlated with metonymy. Previous results on a correlation between metonymy and interlocutor equality were also confirmed.   La marcatura implicita del registro in tedesco attraverso la metafora e la metonimia In questo articolo esaminiamo la marcatura implicita del registro attraverso la metafora e la metonimia. In particolare, vogliamo analizzare i modi in cui la metafora e la metonimia vengono utilizzate per marcare le proprietà di registro in alcuni tipi di testo. Come base empirica per questa indagine, abbiamo annotato un corpus di sei tipi di testo che presentano diversità lungo una serie di importanti proprietà di registro (ad esempio, persuasività, letteralità/oralità o relazioni gerarchiche o paritarie tra interlocutori). I nostri risultati mostrano una forte dipendenza della metafora e della metonimia dalla persuasività, mentre non è stata riscontrata una simile dipendenza rispetto alla letteralità e all'oralità. Abbiamo invece riscontrato una nuova proprietà del registro, ossia la restrizione della lunghezza, fortemente correlata alla metonimia. Sono stati confermati anche i risultati precedenti sulla correlazione tra metonimia e uguaglianza degli interlocutori. &nbsp

Princely graves from Kleinklein in Styria, Austria

V prispevku so opisane knežje gomile Hartnermichelkogel 1 in 2, Pommerkogel ter Kröllkogel, ki predstavljajo posebno grobišče iz starejšega halštatskega obdobja, ločeno od ostalih grobišč v okolici Burgstallkogla pri Kleinkleinu. Gre za največje in najbogatejše gomile vzhodnohalštatske kulturne skupine, ki je bila razširjena na območju doline reke Solbe, avstrijske in slovenske Štajerske, severovzhodne Hrvaške in zahodne Panonije. Prispevek obravnava njihovo kronološko zaporedje, grobno konstrukcijo in opremo ter pridatke. Opisan je razvoj pogrebnega obredja, ki je veljalo za elito v časovnem razponu 150 let, ter opredeljen družbeni status pokopanih oseb: šlo naj bi za kralje in ne le poglavarje.The princely graves in the Hartnermichelkogel 1 and 2, Pommerkogel and Kröllkogel tumuli form a burial ground separate from the rest of the Early Hallstatt necropolis located below the hillfort at Burgstallkogel near Kleinklein. They are the largest and most richly furnished tumuli of the Eastern Hallstatt culture, which spread across Austrian and Slovenian Styria, in north-eastern Croatia and western Pannonia. The contribution presents the chronological succession of the tumuli, their construction, furnishings and grave goods. It provides an outline of the funerary ritual of the elite buried there in the span of a century and a half, and defines the social status of the deceased as that of kings rather than chieftains

Die Halltstattkulturen und Italien während der älteren Eisenzeit

Through the discovery of luxury bronze vessels of Etruscan and in lesser numbers of Greek origin, scholarship had already realized around the middle of the 19th century that there must exist cultural contacts between the Mediterranean civilisations and the Celtic world in western Central Europe. Subsequent studies verified that the different groups comprising the Hallstatt culture were cross linked with the cultures in Upper and Central Italy; and that it was not only the Etruscans who involved their products in this exchange of goods, but also the Upper Italian cultures and the Picenes in eastern Central Italy, who both trafficked their products into Central Europe. It is noticeable that in the region northwest of the Alps it is mainly dress accessories and bronze vessels, which belong to sympotic activities for drinking wine, that were adopted. In contrast in the Eastern Hallstatt area weapons too were taken up. Not only luxury goods were involved, but also simple objects like fibulae, which made a much deeper impact in Central Europe. The adoption of early fibula-types and of figural art on metal vessels in the Alps and in Slovenia shows that the people in this area were earlier disposed to integrate southern influences in their own cultures, just as happened in the region north of the Alps. Here though the inhabitants in the 8th and 7th centuries BC were slower at accepting these innovations; only a little before 600 BC did they adopt the fibula-requiring costume in the upper Italian and inner alpine fashion. In the case of the figural art, the culture groups north of the Alps were much more conservative; not until the beginning of the La Tène-period in the 5th century BC did they accept something of figural art. In all these cases no "Mediterranization" of the central European cultures ever took place, but rather the contacts and the acquisition of prestige goods from the south promoted the development of powerful local elites, as we have recognized them in Styria, in south-western Germany and north-eastern France

Spatial metaphors of the ancient world: theory and practice

Group C-2 of the Excellence Cluster 264 Topoi Space and Metaphor in Language, Cognition, and Texts is dedicated to the study of spatial metaphors and their functions in texts of different genres, languages, and epochs. This outline of the work of group C-2 takes as its point of departure and theoretical framework a general linguistic typology of spatial metaphors. This outline is followed by a series of case studies ranging from wisdom texts and philosophical treatises to tragedy and from Ancient Egyptian to Shakespearean English. These examples are aimed at illustrating both the challenges and the possibilities of the study and interpretation of spatial metaphors in their respective contexts

Translation crowdsourcing: creating a multilingual corpus of online educational content

The present work describes a multilingual corpus of online content in the educational domain, i.e. Massive Open Online Course material, ranging from course forum text to subtitles of online video lectures, that has been developed via large-scale crowdsourcing. The English source text is manually translated into 11 European and BRIC languages using the CrowdFlower platform. During the process several challenges arose which mainly involved the in-domain text genre, the large text volume, the idiosyncrasies of each target language, the limitations of the crowdsourcing platform, as well as the quality assurance and workflow issues of the crowdsourcing process. The corpus constitutes a product of the EU-funded TraMOOC project and is utilised in the project in order to train, tune and test machine translation engines

Improving Machine Translation of Educational Content via Crowdsourcing

The limited availability of in-domain training data is a major issue in the training of application-specific neural machine translation models. Professional outsourcing of bilingual data collections is costly and often not feasible. In this paper we analyze the influence of using crowdsourcing as a scalable way to obtain translations of target in-domain data having in mind that the translations can be of a lower quality. We apply crowdsourcing with carefully designed quality controls to create parallel corpora for the educational domain by collecting translations of texts from MOOCs from English to eleven languages, which we then use to fine-tune neural machine translation models previously trained on general-domain data. The results from our research indicate that crowdsourced data collected with proper quality controls consistently yields performance gains over general-domain baseline systems, and systems fine-tuned with pre-existing in-domain corpora