Optical properties of sea ice doped with black carbon – an experimental and radiative-transfer modelling comparison

Radiative-transfer calculations of the light reflectivity and extinction coefficient in laboratory-generated sea ice doped with and without black carbon demonstrate that the radiative-transfer model TUV-snow can be used to predict the light reflectance and extinction coefficient as a function of wavelength. The sea ice is representative of first-year sea ice containing typical amounts of black carbon and other light-absorbing impurities. The experiments give confidence in the application of the model to predict albedo of other sea ice fabrics. <br><br> Sea ices,  ∼  30 cm thick, were generated in the Royal Holloway Sea Ice Simulator ( ∼  2000 L tanks) with scattering cross sections measured between 0.012 and 0.032 m² kg⁻¹ for four ices. Sea ices were generated with and without  ∼  5 cm upper layers containing particulate black carbon. Nadir reflectances between 0.60 and 0.78 were measured along with extinction coefficients of 0.1 to 0.03 cm⁻¹ (<i>e</i>-folding depths of 10–30 cm) at a wavelength of 500 nm. Values were measured between light wavelengths of 350 and 650 nm. The sea ices generated in the Royal Holloway Sea Ice Simulator were found to be representative of natural sea ices. <br><br> Particulate black carbon at mass ratios of  ∼  75,  ∼  150 and  ∼  300 ng g⁻¹ in a 5 cm ice layer lowers the albedo to 97, 90 and 79 % of the reflectivity of an undoped <q>clean</q> sea ice (at a wavelength of 500 nm)

Hemispherical-Directional Reflectance (HDRF) of Windblown Snow-Covered Arctic Tundra at Large Solar Zenith Angles

Ground-based measurements of the hemispherical-directional reflectance factor (HDRF) of windblown snowcovered Arctic tundra were measured at large solar zenith angles (79◦–85◦) for six sites near the international research base in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. Measurements were made with the Gonio RAdiometric Spectrometer System over the viewing angles 0◦–50◦ and the azimuth angles 0◦–360◦, for the wavelength range 400–1700 nm. The HDRF measurements showed good consistency between sites for near-nadir and backward viewing angles, with a relative standard deviation of less than 10% between sites where the snowpack was smooth and the snow depth was greater than 40 cm. The averaged HDRF showed good symmetry with respect to the solar principal plane and exhibited a forward scattering peak that was strongly wavelength dependent, with greater than a factor of 2 increase in the ratio of maximum to minimum HDRF values for all viewing angles over the wavelength range 400– 1300 nm. The angular effects on the HDRF had minimal influence for viewing angles less than 15◦ in the backward viewing direction for the averaged sites and agreed well with another study of snow HDRF for infrared wavelengths, but showed differences of up to 0.24 in the HDRF for visible wavelengths owing to light-absorbing impurities measured in the snowpack. The site that had the largest roughness elements showed the strongest anisotropy in the HDRF, a large reduction in forward scattering, and a strong asymmetry with respect to the solar principal plane

Characterisation of the HDRF (as a proxy for BRDF) of snow surfaces at Dome C, Antarctica, for the inter-calibration and inter-comparison of satellite optical data

Measurements of the Hemispherical Directional Reflectance Factor (HDRF) of snow surfaces were performed at Dome C, Antarctica, during the Australis Summer 2011–2012 to support the inter-comparison and inter-calibration of satellite optical sensors. HDRF data were collected with the Gonio Radiometric Spectrometer System (GRASS) which performs hyper-spectral measurements of radiance from the same target surface with independent collectors at a number of viewing and azimuth angles in the 0–60° and 0–360° angular ranges, respectively. The radiance collectors, installed on a hemispheric frame and connected to a spectrometer through fibre optics, have an 8° full cone of acceptance and a viewing footprint varying from 0.049m2 at nadir to 0.142m2 at viewing angles of 60°. These relatively small footprints allow for the characterization of small-scale heterogeneities in the HDRF of observed surfaces. HDRF measurements representative of the Dome C snow surfaces were made at eight different sites along a transect approximately 100 m long. All the sites exhibit similar HDRF distributions with inter-site differences explained by small-scale inhomogeneities of the surface. The measured HDRF display marked forward scattering with anisotropy increasing with wavelength in the 400–1600 nm spectral region. These data complement those from previous measurements performed in the same area with a different technique. Agreement between the two data sets is shown by differences generally lower than 4% between HDRF distributions derived from a previous study and the spatially averaged HDRF from the various sites along a transect presented in this work.JRC.H.1-Water Resource

Oncogenic gene expression and epigenetic remodeling of cis-regulatory elements in ASXL1-mutant chronic myelomonocytic leukemia

Myeloid neoplasms are clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders driven by the sequential acquisition of recurrent genetic lesions. Truncating mutations in the chromatin remodeler ASXL1 (ASXL1MT) are associated with a high-risk disease phenotype with increased proliferation, epigenetic therapeutic resistance, and poor survival outcomes. We performed a multi-omics interrogation to define gene expression and chromatin remodeling associated with ASXL1MT in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). ASXL1MT are associated with a loss of repressive histone methylation and increase in permissive histone methylation and acetylation in promoter regions. ASXL1MT are further associated with de novo accessibility of distal enhancers binding ETS transcription factors, targeting important leukemogenic driver genes. Chromatin remodeling of promoters and enhancers is strongly associated with gene expression and heterogenous among overexpressed genes. These results provide a comprehensive map of the transcriptome and chromatin landscape of ASXL1MT CMML, forming an important framework for the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting oncogenic cis interactions

Glucuronidation by UGT1A1 Is the Dominant Pathway of the Metabolic Disposition of Belinostat in Liver Cancer Patients

10.1371/journal.pone.0054522PLoS ONE81

SNAPSHOT USA 2019 : a coordinated national camera trap survey of the United States

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.With the accelerating pace of global change, it is imperative that we obtain rapid inventories of the status and distribution of wildlife for ecological inferences and conservation planning. To address this challenge, we launched the SNAPSHOT USA project, a collaborative survey of terrestrial wildlife populations using camera traps across the United States. For our first annual survey, we compiled data across all 50 states during a 14-week period (17 August - 24 November of 2019). We sampled wildlife at 1509 camera trap sites from 110 camera trap arrays covering 12 different ecoregions across four development zones. This effort resulted in 166,036 unique detections of 83 species of mammals and 17 species of birds. All images were processed through the Smithsonian's eMammal camera trap data repository and included an expert review phase to ensure taxonomic accuracy of data, resulting in each picture being reviewed at least twice. The results represent a timely and standardized camera trap survey of the USA. All of the 2019 survey data are made available herein. We are currently repeating surveys in fall 2020, opening up the opportunity to other institutions and cooperators to expand coverage of all the urban-wild gradients and ecophysiographic regions of the country. Future data will be available as the database is updated at eMammal.si.edu/snapshot-usa, as well as future data paper submissions. These data will be useful for local and macroecological research including the examination of community assembly, effects of environmental and anthropogenic landscape variables, effects of fragmentation and extinction debt dynamics, as well as species-specific population dynamics and conservation action plans. There are no copyright restrictions; please cite this paper when using the data for publication.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

A future for Hashima: pornography, representation and time

This article sets out to investigate the relationship between ruins, futurity, and ‘ruin porn’ - a visual mode of representation that all too often seeks to fix post-industrial ruins as mere aesthetic objects, devoid of history and/or temporality. It does so by focusing on performance, which, in this context, is understood as a processual mode of art-making that provides spectators with an experience of time. In this expanded definition of performance, as one may perhaps expect, the performativity of the object is not limited to the theatrical event alone; rather, it now inheres in sometimes uncanny durational aspects of both still and moving images. The essay proceeds in three stages. Part one provides a historical and theoretical overview of the type of performance inherent in ‘ruin porn’; part two critiques two images from Yves Marchand's and Romain Meffre's Gunkanjima (2013), a photo album that attempted to document the ruins of Hashima, an island situated 15 kilometres from Nagasaki City in the East China Sea; and part three investigates the very different aesthetic at work in Lee Hassall's film Return to Battleship Island (2013) which was made in response to AHRC- funded project, ‘The Future of Ruins: Reclaiming Abandonment and Toxicity on Hashima Island’ (2013). In this reading of Return to Battleship Island , the onus is on showing how Hassall's film, in its representation of Hashima's crumbling apartment blocks and industrial buildings, intentionally sought to contest the atemporal logic of ‘ruin porn’ by attempting to endow the viewing experience with a sense of futurity. Crucially, this does not mean that film represented the future as an object, but, on the contrary, tried to make it palpable, as something one undergoes physically in the very act of reception

B-17 Turret Automation - 2

The purpose of this project is to develop a full scale prototype for the automation of the upper and ball turrets of the B-17G at the Mighty Eighth Air Force Museum. This will be accomplished by removing the original double power unit, which consists of two hydraulic variable speed transmissions and a motor. For the longevity of this project a comprehensive report of recommended parts to be fitted in the housings will be provided. The provided list will consist of and outline the specs of better quality motors, microcontrollers, and potential options for powering the mechanism