Surface-referenced current meter measurements

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution September 1991A general discussion of possible techniques for observation of near-surface currents indicates that the surface-following frame of reference will provide several advantages over the Eulerian or Lagrangian frames. One problem with surface-following measurements is the biasing effects of the waves. A technique for making unbiased measurements is developed. This technique requires that both the sensor velocity and the fluid velocity be measured. A sensor platform, the Surface Acoustic Shear Sensor (SASS), which makes the required measurements is described. The processing scheme for interpreting the measurements from the SASS is described at length. The data that SASS has obtained from two deployments in the Shelf Mixed Layer Experiment (SMILE) is presented. This data shows clearly that the biasing effects of waves can not, in general, be ignored. In the summary of the data we find surprisingly little shear in the downwind direction in the top 4m of the water column. In the crosswind direction observed, observed shear seems to be indicative of an across shelf pressure gradient and intense near-surface mixing.Financial support for my work was from NSF grant OCE-87-16937

The surface acoustic shear sensor (SASS) as used during the Shelf Mixed Layer Experiment (SMILE) November 1988-March 1989

The SMILE (Shelf Mixed Layer Experiment) field program took place during the winter of 1988-1989. The SMILE program itself was large and involved many investigators and instruments. This report documents the use of the Surface Acoustic Shear Sensor (SASS) as part of the suite of measurements taken during SMILE. The SMILE mooring array was deployed from early November 1988 until June, 1989. SASS, being a newly developed instrument, was deployed for two shorter periods; a test deployment between November 26 and December 8, 1988, and a longer second deployment, February 23 through March 14, 1989. SASS is based on BASS (Benthic Acoustic Stress Sensor) components (Williams et al., 1987), mounted on a structure that allowed continuous sampling of velocity, temperature and conductivity in the top five meters of the ocean. BASS was modified for this surface application to acquire data from a gyro, and conductivity sensors. The attitude data from the gyro allows the velocities of the current meter to be referenced to an inertial frame of reference. The other data obtained from SASS will be used to calculate shear current gradients, and other descriptors of turbulence and mixing.Prepared for the National Science Foundation under Contract Number OCE-8716937

Ilmastonmuutoksen vaikutukset ja sopeutumistarpeet vesihuollossa

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää ilmastonmuutoksen vaikutuksia vesihuollossa sekä keinoja sopeutua muutoksiin. Tutkimus tehtiin pääosin kirjallisuusselvityksenä. Lisäksi kuultiin noin 50 vesihuollon asiantuntijaa. Kirjallisuuden perusteella tarkasteltiin myös eri ilmastoskenaarioissa ja -malleissa esitettyjä arvioita raaka-vesivarastojen määrässä ja laadussa tapahtuvista muutoksista. Ilmastonmuutoksen vaikutukset vesihuoltoon voivat olla joko haitallisia tai myönteisiä, suoria tai välillisiä, ja niiden arviointiin liittyy monia epävarmuustekijöitä. Suurimmat vaikutukset aiheutuvat äärevien sääilmiöiden kuten pitkien kuivuusjaksojen, rankkasateiden ja myrskyjen yleistymisestä. Myrskyjen seurauksena sähkökatkokset vesihuoltolaitoksilla lisääntyvät, mikä vaikeuttaa veden käsittelyä ja johtamista. Vesistöjen pinnannousun ja tulvien seurauksena pintavesiä voi kulkeutua pohjavesimuodostumiin ja vedenottamoille, ja jätevesipumppaamojen ylivuotoriski kasvaa. Pitkät kuivuusjaksot voivat aiheuttaa ongelmia lähinnä pienten raakavesilähteiden vedenlaadulle ja riittävyydelle. Ilmastonmuutoksella on vaikutuksensa myös maan-käyttöön, josta voi paikoin muodostua yhä merkittävämpi riski raakavesilähteille. Keskeisimpiä ilmastonmuutokseen sopeutumisen keinoja vesihuollossa ovat vedenottokaivojen sijoittaminenantoisuudeltaan otollisimpiin paikkoihin tulvariskialueiden ulkopuolelle, jäteveden pumppaamojen sijoittaminenpohjavesialueiden ja tulvariskialueiden ulkopuolelle, vedenkäsittelyvalmiuden parantaminen niin normaali- kuin erityistilanteissa, pienten pohjavesimuodostumien antoisuuden selvittäminen sekä vesihuoltolaitosten varavesi ja varavoimalähteiden turvaaminen. Lisäksi suunnitelmilla, vesihuoltolaitosten välisellä yhteistyöllä, maankäytön ohjauksella sekä tietojärjestelmien ja mallinnusten hyödyntämisellä voidaan tehostaa vesihuoltolaitosten sopeutumista ilmastonmuutoksee

Responsive and Personalized Web Layouts with Integer Programming

Over the past decade, responsive web design (RWD) has become the de facto standard for adapting web pages to a wide range of devices used for browsing. While RWD has improved the usability of web pages, it is not without drawbacks and limitations: designers and developers must manually design the web layouts for multiple screen sizes and implement associated adaptation rules, and its "one responsive design fits all"approach lacks support for personalization. This paper presents a novel approach for automated generation of responsive and personalized web layouts. Given an existing web page design and preferences related to design objectives, our integer programming -based optimizer generates a consistent set of web designs. Where relevant data is available, these can be further automatically personalized for the user and browsing device. The paper includes presentation of techniques for runtime adaptation of the designs generated into a fully responsive grid layout for web browsing. Results from our ratings-based online studies with end users (N = 86) and designers (N = 64) show that the proposed approach can automatically create high-quality responsive web layouts for a variety of real-world websites.Peer reviewe

A novel human leiomyoma tissue derived matrix for cell culture studies

Background: The composition of the matrix molecules is important in in vitro cell culture experiments of e.g. human cancer invasion and vessel formation. Currently, the mouse Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) sarcoma -derived products, such as Matrigel (R), are the most commonly used tumor microenvironment (TME) mimicking matrices for experimental studies. However, since Matrigel (R) is non-human in origin, its molecular composition does not accurately simulate human TME. We have previously described a solid 3D organotypic myoma disc invasion assay, which is derived from human uterus benign leiomyoma tumor. Here, we describe the preparation and analyses of a processed, gelatinous leiomyoma matrix, named Myogel. Methods: A total protein extract, Myogel, was formulated from myoma. The protein contents of Myogel were characterized and its composition and properties compared with a commercial mouse Matrigel (R). Myogel was tested and compared to Matrigel (R) in human cell adhesion, migration, invasion, colony formation, spheroid culture and vessel formation experiments, as well as in a 3D hanging drop video image analysis. Results: We demonstrated that only 34 % of Myogel's molecular content was similar to Matrigel (R). All test results showed that Myogel was comparable with Matrigel (R), and when mixed with low-melting agarose (Myogel-LMA) it was superior to Matrigel (R) in in vitro Transwell (R) invasion and capillary formation assays. Conclusions: In conclusion, we have developed a novel Myogel TME matrix, which is recommended for in vitro human cell culture experiments since it closely mimics the human tumor microenvironment of solid cancers.Peer reviewe

The preparation of reusable magnetic and photocatalytic composite nanofibers by electrospinning and atomic layer deposition

A versatile synthesis procedure for composite nanofibers, combining electrospinning and atomic layer deposition (ALD), is presented. Both solid core/sheath nanofibers and nanoparticle loaded nanotubes can be made, depending on the order of calcination of the electrospun fiber and the ALD process. Magnetic and photocatalytic nanofibers prepared this way can be recycled readily by collecting with a magnet

Histological findings of patients with adnexal torsion who underwent surgical treatment:short reminder

Abstract Background: Ovarian torsion is a rare emergency condition in women. Early diagnosis is necessary to preserve fertility. Case: Our study evaluated 40 patients, who underwent laparoscopic surgery. The aims of this retrospective study were to emphasize the importance of early diagnosis in ovarian torsion, evaluate the process of patient treatment, and investigate the number of patients treated by minimally invasive surgery. In this article, we present the outcomes from the patient data. Results: Thirty-two percent (13/40) of patients were first evaluated by the surgeon to investigate right-sided lower abdominal pain. These patients were first misdiagnosed with appendicitis or urinary tract stones. Among these patients, necrotic ovary tissue was more common, most likely due to a longer delay seeking medical attention. A total of 77% (31/40) of patients underwent laparoscopic surgery on the same date that they were admitted to the hospital. No severe complications occurred in this group of patients. All histological findings were benign. In 52% (21/40) of patients, the adnexa was removed, whereas in 37% (15/40) of patients the torsed adnexa was treated by detorsion. A total of 27% (11/40) of patients had no diagnosis before undergoing surgery. Conclusions: Rapid and accurate diagnosis is essential to preserve ovarian function