Variabilidad en la estructura poblacional del calamar gigante (Dosidicus gigas) en Santa Rosalía, región central del Golfo de California = Variability in the population structure of jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) in Santa Rosalía, central Gulf of California

This study describes the population structure of jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) in the area of Santa Rosalía (central Gulf of California) during the years 2003 and 2004, and analyzes the interannual variability in the size structure over a wider time period, 1996-2004 (except 2000-2002). The results revealed clear differences in the size structure and sexual maturity of males and females between 2003 and 2004. The jumbo squid population observed during the 2003 fishing season showed a high proportion of large and sexually mature individuals, whereas most specimens sampled during 2004 were smaller and immature. Expanding our time period, we observed a strong interannual variability in the size structure of jumbo squid within the Gulf of California, which was also reflected in the size at maturity. These changes in the population structure seem to be related to the occurrence and intensity of El Niño events. We recommend taking this variability into account at the beginning of each fishing season when the authorities establish the management strategy for the jumbo squid fishery in the Gulf of California

Paralarvae of the complex Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis-Dosidicus gigas (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in the northern limit of the shallow oxygen minimum zone of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean (April 2012)

18 páginas, 10 figuras, 3 tablasThe three-dimensional distribution of the paralarvae of the complex Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis-Dosidicus gigas (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) was analyzed at the northern limit of the shallow oxygen minimum zone in the Eastern Tropical Pacific in April 2012. The upper limit of the oxygen minimum water (∼44 µmol/kg or 1 mL/L) rises from ∼100 m depth in the entrance of the Gulf of California to ∼20 m depth off Cabo Corrientes. Most of the paralarvae of this complex, dominated by D. gigas, were concentrated in the Gulf entrance, between the thermocline (∼20 to ∼50 m depth) and the sea surface, in the warmest (>19°C) oxygenated (>176 µmol/kg) layer. The highest abundance of paralarvae was detected in an anticyclonic eddy (∼120 km diameter and >500 m deep), which contained lower-salinity water (<35 g/kg), consistent with formation in the California Current. Lower paralarvae abundance was recorded further south off Cabo Corrientes, where hypoxic layers were elevated as water shoaled nearshore. Almost no paralarvae were found in the north of the study area beyond the strong salinity front (∼34.8–35.4 g/kg) that bounded the anticyclone. These results showed an affinity of the paralarvae for lower-salinity, oxygenated water, illustrated by the influence of the mesoscale anticyclonic eddy and the salinity front in their distribution. Based on this study, it can be concluded that the expansion of the depth range of hypoxic water observed in the Eastern Tropical Pacific may be increasing environmental stress on the paralarvae by vertically restricting their habitat, and so affecting their survivalThis work was made possible thanks to the financial support of SEP-CONACyT (contracts 2014-236864) and by the Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Multidisciplinary Project 2015-0176)Peer reviewe

Sequential Isotopic Signature Along Gladius Highlights Contrasted Individual Foraging Strategies of Jumbo Squid (Dosidicus gigas)

International audienceBackground: Cephalopods play a major role in marine ecosystems, but knowledge of their feeding ecology is limited. In particular, intra- and inter-individual variations in their use of resources has not been adequatly explored, although there is growing evidence that individual organisms can vary considerably in the way they use their habitats and resources. Methodology/Principal Findings: Using d13C and d15N values of serially sampled gladius (an archival tissue), we examined high resolution variations in the trophic niche of five large (.60 cm mantle length) jumbo squids (Dosidicus gigas) that were collected off the coast of Peru. We report the first evidence of large inter-individual differences in jumbo squid foraging strategies with no systematic increase of trophic level with size. Overall, gladius d13C values indicated one or several migrations through the squid's lifetime (,8-9 months), during which d15N values also fluctuated (range: 1 to 5%). One individual showed an unexpected terminal 4.6% d15N decrease (more than one trophic level), thus indicating a shift from higher- to lower-trophic level prey at that time. The data illustrate the high diversity of prey types and foraging histories of this species at the individual level. Conclusions/Significance: The isotopic signature of gladii proved to be a powerful tool to depict high resolution and ontogenic variations in individual foraging strategies of squids, thus complementing traditional information offered by stomach content analysis and stable isotopes on metabolically active tissues. The observed differences in life history strategies highlight the high degree of plasticity of the jumbo squid and its high potential to adapt to environmental changes

Variability in the population structure of jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) in Santa Rosalía, central Gulf of California

Se describió la estructura poblacional del calamar gigante (Dosidicus gigas) en el área de Santa Rosalía (región central del Golfo de California) durante 2003 y 2004 y se analizó la variabilidad interanual en la estructura de tallas durante un periodo más amplio, de 1996|00E2|??2004 (excepto 2000|00E2|??2002). Los resultados evidenciaron claras diferencias en la madurez sexual y en la estructura de tallas, tanto de machos así como de hembras, entre 2003 y 2004. La población de calamar gigante observada en la temporada de pesca de 2003 reflejó altas proporciones de individuos maduros y de gran tamaño, mientras que la observada en 2004 estuvo compuesta mayoritariamente por individuos sexualmente inmaduros y de menor tamaño. Al expandir nuestro periodo de estudio se observó la existencia de una fuerte variabilidad interanual en la estructura de tallas del calamar gigante dentro del Golfo de California, lo cual también se vio reflejado en la talla de madurez. Los cambios en la estructura poblacional del calamar gigante parecen estar relacionados no sólo con la ocurrencia de eventos El Niño sino también con la intensidad o magnitud de los mismos. Por tal motivo se recomienda tener en cuenta esta variabilidad al momento de implementar cada año la estrategia de manejo a utilizar en la pesquería de calamar gigante del Golfo de California. Palabras clave: calamar gigante, Dosidicus gigas, estructura poblacional, variabilidad interanual, Golfo de California. This study describes the population structure of jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) in the area of Santa Rosalía (central Gulf of California) during the years 2003 and 2004, and analyzes the interannual variability in the size structure over a wider time period, 1996|00E2|??2004 (except 2000|00E2|??2002). The results revealed clear differences in the size structure and sexual maturity of males and females between 2003 and 2004. The jumbo squid population observed during the 2003 fishing season showed a high proportion of large and sexually mature individuals, whereas most specimens sampled during 2004 were smaller and immature. Expanding our time period, we observed a strong interannual variability in the size structure of jumbo squid within the Gulf of California, which was also reflected in the size at maturity. These changes in the population structure seem to be related to the occurrence and intensity of El Niño events. We recommend taking this variability into account at the beginning of each fishing season when the authorities establish the management strategy for the jumbo squid fishery in the Gulf of California

Age, growth and maturation of jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) from the Gulf of California, México

This study describes the age and growth of large specimens of the jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas that supported the fishery in the Gulf of California in 1995-1997. Statoliths of 299 females (10.8-87.5 cm mantle length, ML) and 147 males (17-73.9 cm ML) were read. Assuming a daily rhythm of statolith deposition the smallest female (10.8 cm ML) was 84 days old and the largest (87.5 cm ML) 386 days old. The oldest females were 14-15 months old. The smallest male (17 cm ML) was 135 days old and the oldest male (71.5 cm ML) was 372 days old. The logistic model best described growth in jumbo squid. Growth curves were similar to those reported from other studies on this species using statolith reading. However, they suggest a faster growth than that described by size frequency analysis. No differences in growth were noted between seasons, except that females from Sta. Rosalia weighed more than those caught off Guaymas at the same age. Females grew faster than males, but both sexes grew more than 2 mm/day between 140th and 300th day of life: one of the highest absolute growth rates recorded so far for squids. Large size females mature late, at an age of 1 year and 73 cm ML and males matured at 10 months and 60 cm ML. Females of the medium-sized maturing group mature at 7 months and 37 cm ML and males at 7 months and 34 cm. Thus, this latter group was regarded as an early maturing group, living probably less than a year, and the former as a late maturing group, living a year or slightly more. Hatch dates were distributed throughout the whole year, without reflecting any reproductive pattern. Large jumbo squid in the Gulf of California comprised a population of multiple intra-annual cohorts using alternate upwelling seasonal areas during their growth

Stable isotopes on jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) beaks to esitmate its trophic positon: comparison between stomach contents and stable isotopes

Stomach contents and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stable isotope analysis were used to evaluate trophic relationships of jumbo squid, Dosidicus gigas. Buccal masses, beaks and stomach contents of large and medium maturing-sized jumbo squid and muscle from its main prey, the myctophid Benthosema panamense, were collected in the Gulf of California, Mexico during 1996, 1997 and 1999. Both the quantified C and N-isotope ratios in muscle, and stomach content analysis revealed that larger-sized maturing squid showed a higher trophic position than medium-sized individuals. However, a discrepancy between stomach contents versus stable isotope analyses was found in evaluating trophic relationships. Simple dilution models as a function of growth were used to estimate the C and N renewal dietary shift for jumbo squid. Estimates of the initial C and N pools in D. gigas with an initial age of 70 days and 210 days indicated isotopic shifts of 32% after a threefold biomass increase and 25% after a fourfold biomass increase, respectively. Additionally, beak samples of jumbo squid were evaluated as an alternative tissue to estimate squid trophic position using stable isotopes. The results showed a significant correlation between stable isotope ratios from muscle and beak samples. Muscle isotope values were higher than beak by 1% and 4% for δ13C and δ15N respectively. A test with jumbo squid beaks collected from a stomach of a stranded sperm whale confirmed the viability of this method

Diving behavior of sperm whales in relation to behavior of a major prey species, the jumbo squid, in the Gulf of California, Mexico

Sperm whales occur worldwide and feed largely on meso- and bathypelagic squid, but little is known about the behavioral ecology of this predator and its prey. In the Gulf of California, sperm whales are thought to feed on the abundant jumbo (Humboldt) squid, an ecologically and commercially important species. In this study, we attached satellite-linked dive recorders to 5 sperm whales and pop-up archival transmitting tags to 3 jumbo squid in the same area and time period in order to record their diving behavior and movements. Most (91%) deep dives by whales ranged from 100 to 500 m (average 418 ± 216.0 m) and lasted 15 to 35 min (average 27 ± 9.1 min). During daytime hours, jumbo squid spent about 75% of the time in the 200 to 400 m depth range, and sperm whales showed a similar dive-depth preference. The vertical distribution pattern of squid changed during the night, with squid spending about half the time at depths of &lt;200 m and the remainder at 200 to 400 m. Although the whales shifted their nighttime diving to somewhat shallower depths, about 75% of dives remained in the 200 to 400 m depth range. Analysis of squid nighttime diving behavior, based on archival time-series data, showed that excursions into warm surface waters were often terminated by deep dives to typical daytime depths, after which the squid appeared to be relatively quiescent. Diving behavior by whales is thus consistent with the idea that they feed on jumbo squid at depth during the day, and we suggest that deep nighttime foraging may target squid that are recovering from stress after recent surface activity and are therefore more susceptible to predation