\u3ci\u3eIn Vitro\u3c/i\u3e and \u3ci\u3eIn Vivo\u3c/i\u3e Techniques for Screening New Natural Product-Based Fungicides for Control of Strawberry Anthracnose

Seven plant pathogenic fungi (Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum, C. fragariae, C. gloeosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum, Phomopsis obscurans, and P. viticola) valuable in screening fungicide efficacy were tested. Optimal and reproducible conditions for germination of these selected fungi were established by incorporating Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 (RPMI) as a medium of known composition and washing conidia to remove innate germination inhibitors. This step reduced average fungal germination times between 3.5 h and 21.2 h. The natural product-based fungicide, sampangine, seven sampangine analogs (4-bromo-sampangine, 4-methoxysampangine, benzo[4,5]sampangine, liriodenine Mel AMC-XIII-103, onychine, cryptolepine, and liriodenine CDH-II-37), plus seven conventional fungicides (benomyl, captan, cyprodinil, fenbuconazole, fenhexamid, iprodione, and kresoxim-methyl) were tested in vitro for their ability to inhibit germination and growth of the targeted fungal species. Microtiter assays demonstrated that sampangine was more efficacious than any of its analogs and than most of the commercial fungicides. In addition, I documented through microbioassays morphological anomalies in germ tube development caused by 4- bromosampangine. Germ tubes of B. cinerea splayed and branched and C.fragariae produced germ tubes that branched more frequently than the usual. These anomalies indicate a physical mode of action where appresorial formation and hyphal growth, but not conidial germination, are impaired, suggesting the possibility that 4- bromosampangine may protect hosts after fungi have germinated. The natural productbased fungicides, sampangine and CAY-1, and the commercial fungicide, azoxystrobin, were tested using a detached leaf assay on strawberry {Fragaria x ananassa cv. Chandler). All three fungicides reduced anthracnose lesions on the leaves when applied to the host prior to inoculation with the fungal pathogen, but not after inoculation. In planta screening procedures exhibited a consistent 10-fold reduction in the number of conida landing on the plant surface. In vitro screening procedures demonstrated that conidia adhered to the inner surfaces of spray delivery equipment in high numbers. Practical implications of these findings include incorrectly classifying a fungicide as efficacious or a cultivar as resistant when in reality the amount of inoculum was insufficient to elicit disease

Strawberry Anthracnose: Histopathology of \u3ci\u3eColletotrichum Acutatum\u3c/i\u3e and \u3ci\u3eC. fragariae\u3c/i\u3e

Ontogeny of the invasion process by Colletotrichum acutatum and C. fragariae was studied on petioles and stolons of the strawberry cultivar Chandler using light and electron microscopy. The invasion of host tissue by each fungal species was similar; however, each invasion event occurred more rapidly with C. fragariae than with C. acutatum. Following cuticular penetration via an appressorium, subsequent steps of invasion involved hyphal growth within the cuticle and within the cell walls of epidermal, subepidermal, and subtending cells. Both species of fungi began invasion with a brief biotrophic phase before entering an extended necrotrophic phase. Acervuli formed once the cortical tissue had been moderately disrupted and began with the development of a stroma just beneath the outer periclinal epidermal walls. Acervuli erupted through the cuticle and released conidia. Invasion of the vascular tissue typically occurred after acervulus maturation and remained minimal. Chitin distribution in walls of C. fragariae was visualized with gold-labeled wheat germ agglutinin. The outer layer of bilayered walls of conidia, germ tubes, and appressoria contained less chitin than unilayered hyphae in planta

Validación de la versión mexicana del Cuestionario de Auto-eficacia para el Ejercicio

La autoeficacia se refiere a la confianza en la capacidad de uno mismo para llevar a cabo comportamientos específicos en situaciones específicas, por ejemplo, realizar ejercicio. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron traducir y adaptar al español hablado en México el Cuestionario de Auto-Eficacia para el Ejercicio (SEEQ, por sus siglas en inglés), examinar su estructura factorial y analizar su consistencia interna y validez nomológica. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 530 participantes (48.2% varones y 51.8% mujeres; Medad = 33.22 años; DT =15.27; rango = 11-76), que viven en el área metropolitana de la ciudad de Monterrey, Nuevo León (México). Los resultados del análisis factorial exploratorio como los del confirmatorio brindan apoyo a la validez factorial de la versión mexicana del SEEQ. Los resultados mostraron coeficientes de consistencia interna satisfactorios. La variación de la autoeficacia a través de las etapas de cambio se presentó conforme a los postulados establecidos en el modelo transteórico brindando apoyo a la validez nomológica de la versión mexicana del SEEQ.Self-efficacy refers to confidence in one's ability to perform specific behaviors in specific situations such as exercising. The aims of the present study were: to translate a Self-Efficacy for Exercise Questionnaire (SEEQ); to adapt it to the Mexican context; to examine its factorial structure; and to assess its internal consistency and nomological validity. The sample was composed by 530 participants from the urban area of Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico (48.2% males and 51.8% females; Mage= 33.22; SD = 15.27; range = 11-76). Results from both exploratory and confirmatory factorial analyses confirmed the structural validity of the Mexican version of SEEQ, as satisfactory values were obtained for the coefficients of internal consistency. The variance of self-efficacy through the stages of change was in line with the transtheoretical model, thus supporting the nomological validity of the Mexican version of the SEEQ.A auto-eficácia refere-se à confiança na capacidade de si mesmo para executar comportamentos específicos em situações específicas, tais como o exercício. Os objetivos deste estudo foram traducir e adaptar para o espanhol falado no México, o Questionário de auto-eficácia para Exercício (SEEQ, por sua sigla em Inglês), examinar sua estrutura fatorial e analisar a sua consistência interna e validade nomológica. A amostra foi composta por 530 participantes (48,2% homens e 51,8% mulheres; Midade = 33,22 anos; DP = 15,27, intervalo = 11-76), que vivem na área metropolitana de Monterrey, Nuevo Leon (México). Os resultados da análise fatorial exploratória e confirmatória fornecem suporte para a validade fatorial da versão mexicana de SEEQ. Os resultados mostraram coeficientes de consistência interna satisfatórios. A variação da auto-eficácia através das fases de alteração apresentose de acordo com os princípios estabelecidos no modelo transteórico, fornecendo apoio para à validade nomológica da versão mexicana de SEEQ

Evaluation of CAY-1, an Experimental, Natural Fungicide, For Control of Strawberry Pathogens

CAY-1 is an experimental, natural product being tested as a potential fungicide. This saponin isolated from Capsicum frutescens interacts with membrane sterols causing leakage of cell components and ultimately cell death in a variety of fungi. CAY-1 and the commercial fungicide captan were tested in an in vitro doseresponse dilution-broth assay. They caused at least 85% growth inhibition of the fungal pathogens Colletotrichum acutatum, C fragariae and C. gloeosporioides when tested at 3.0 μM. Even though CAY-1 strongly reduced the growth of these fungal pathogens in laboratory assays and prevented anthracnose development in detached leaf assays, it did not control foliar or fruit rot diseases of strawberry in field trials

Prevalencia de facto res de riesgo para enfermedades cardiovasculares en Tunja, Colombia. 2007

Introducción: las altas frecuencias de hospitalización y mortalidad por enfermedad cardiovascular en las IPS’s de segundo y tercer nivel de Tunja, ameritan un análisis de factores de riesgo. Objetivo: evaluar la prevalencia de obesidad, diabetes e hipertensión arterial en una muestra representativa de la población de Tunja (Colombia) y su posible asociación con factores sociodemográficos en función del área geográfica de residencia. Metodología: estudio de prevalencia analítica. Muestra conformada por 499 sujetos de ambos sexos seleccionados mediante muestreo aleatorio estratificado; se aplicó un instrumento adaptado del instrumento STEPS validado por la OMS. Resultados: se encontraron prevalencias altas en los factores de riesgo cardiovascular estudiados, que se distribuyen mayoritariamente de manera polarizada en los extremos geográficos de crecimiento de la ciudad, asociados con factores de tipo socioeconómico y cultural, como ingresos insuficientes, bajo nivel educativo y deficiente capacidad de autocuidado

Validity and reliability of the Font-Roja job satisfaction questionnaire in Colombia

Objetivo: determinar la validez y confiabilidad del Font Roja para medir la satisfacción laboral en profesionales de la salud en Colombia, diseñado por Aranaz y Mira en el año de 1988. Metodología: estudio instrumental psicométrico que determinó la validez facial de contenido y de constructo con métodos estadísticos y confiabilidad del cuestionario. La muestra n=120 para la validez de constructo fue recolectada en diversas ciudades de Colombia por profesionales de enfermería en ejercicio vinculados a instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud. Resultados: el Font Roja reporta validez superior a 0,71 en contenido y facial, se extrajeron 8 factores que explican el 67,5% de la varianza mediante análisis factorial. El instrumento es fiable con un Alfa de Cronbach de 0,80. Es necesario mantener la escala íntegramente sin suprimir ítems. Conclusión: la versión en español del Font Roja como instrumento de medición de la satisfacción laboral resulta válido y fiable en el contexto colombiano.Objective: to determine the validity and reliability of Font-Roja job satisfaction questionnaire designed by Aranaz and Mira, 1988, to measure job satisfaction in health professionals in Colombia. Methodology: psychometric instrumental study that determined the facial validity of content and construct with statistical methods and reliability of the questionnaire. The sample (n = 120) for construct validity was collected by intern nurses linked with institutions providing health services in various cities of Colombia. Results: Font-Roja job satisfaction questionnaire reported validity higher than 0.71 in content and facial; 8 factors were extracted that explain 67.5% of the variance by factor analysis. The instrument is reliable with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.80. It is necessary to maintain the scale in its entirety without deleting items. Conclusion: the Spanish version of Font-Roja job satisfaction questionnaire as an instrument to measure job satisfaction is valid and reliable in the Colombian context

La imagen y la narrativa como herramientas para el abordaje psicosocial en escenarios de violencia. Departamento de Cundinamarca.

En esta fase del Diplomado de profundización y acompañamiento psicosocial en escenarios de violencia, se ahonda en el enfoque narrativo a través de cinco relatos tomados del libro Voces: historias de violencia y esperanza en Colombia del Banco Mundial (2009)., los cuales cuentan experiencias de vida en torno al conflicto armado en el país y servirán para abordar las diferentes subjetividades inmersas en los escenarios de violencia. Del relato escogido sobre Ana Ligia se profundizará en los emergentes psicosociales, los cuales le han permitido reconstruir su identidad desde las experiencias traumáticas y como estas la han llevado a resignificar y construir una historia de vida diferente, a partir de la conexión con el presente y el cambio de su condición de víctima a sobreviviente. De acuerdo con lo anterior se elaboran nueve preguntas entre ellas estratégicas, circulares y reflexivas, las cuales permiten un acercamiento a la víctima en este caso Ana Ligia y que serán de apoyo en su proceso de recuperación psicosocial y construcción de su proyecto de vida. Luego viene el análisis y reflexión sobre los emergentes psicosociales del caso de las comunidades de Cacarica, los impactos de la estigmatización para esta comunidad y de qué manera desde el rol del psicólogo se pueden generar acciones y estrategias que permitan a la comunidad hacerle frente al conflicto y potenciar los recursos con los que cuenta para la construcción del tejido social. También se socializará el ejercicio de foto voz realizado en la fase anterior y las metáforas a partir de las experiencias de cada uno de los actores del conflicto en los diferentes escenarios de violencia. Así mismo se abarca y reflexiona acerca de la intervención psicosocial aplicada a las víctimas del conflicto armado en Colombia y como a partir ella se puede garantizar el bienestar de la comunidad. Como lo dice Estrada, Ripoll y Rodríguez (2010) “De aquí la importancia del acompañamiento psicosocial de generar herramientas que permitan la atención integral a toda víctima del conflicto interno. En esta medida, la implementación de estrategias en la intervención psicológica para la reconciliación y la paz debe comprender la búsqueda del bienestar individual y colectivo, la reconstrucción de tejido social y la atención en salud mental".In this phase of the Diploma of deepening and psychosocial accompaniment in scenarios of violence, the narrative approach is deepened through five stories taken from the book Voces: stories of violence and hope in Colombia of the World Bank (2009). of life around the armed conflict in the country and will serve to address the different subjectivities immersed in the scenarios of violence. From the story chosen about Ana Ligia, the psychosocial emergencies will be deepened, which have allowed her to reconstruct her identity from the traumatic experiences and how they have led to resignify and build a different life story, based on the connection with the present and the change from victim to survivor status. In accordance with the above, nine questions are elaborated, including strategic, circular and reflective, whatever an approach to victory in this case Ana Ligia and what will be of support in her process of psychosocial recovery and construction of her life project. Then comes the analysis and reflection on the psychosocial emergencies of the case of the communities of Cacarica, the impacts of stigmatization for this community and the way from the role of the psychologist can generate actions and strategies that affect the community in the face of conflict and strengthen the resources available to the construction of the social fabric. The photo voice exercise carried out in the previous phase and the metaphors will also be socialized based on the experiences of each of the actors in the conflict in the different scenarios of violence. Likewise, the psychosocial intervention applied to the victims of the armed conflict in Colombia is covered and reflected, and as from it, the welfare of the community can be guaranteed. As Estrada, Ripoll and Rodríguez (2010) says “Hence the importance of psychosocial support to generate tools that allow comprehensive care for all victims of internal conflict. To this extent, the implementation of strategies in psychological intervention for reconciliation and peace must include the search for individual and collective well-being, the reconstruction of the social fabric and the mental health care.

Plan de Mejora Sobre la Estrategia de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial, para la Panadería y Pastelería Santa Isabel

https://editor-storage.reedsy.com/books/626b4e7c38f01c4388f3396d/exports/success/3a700abc-5ec3-4d65-a7f8-45bf0494eb25/202205040338-codigo-de-etica-de-la-panaderia-y-pasteleria-santa-isabel.zipLa Panadería y Pastelería Santa Isabel es una microempresa privada del Municipio de Chía, Cundinamarca, que se reconoce como actor determinante para el desarrollo y crecimiento de su región y, por tanto, se encuentra en el proceso de implementación de una estrategia de responsabilidad social empresarial que le permita proyectarse como una de las empresas más importantes del municipio, por su compromiso con el progreso y la productividad. En apoyo a este proceso, se ha realizado un diagnóstico mediante la aplicación de un modelo de recolección de información enmarcado en la Norma ISO 26000, en que se evaluaron indicadores de cumplimiento de los principios y materias fundamentales. Luego de practicar la encuesta a actores clave de la empresa, en que se formularon preguntas orientadoras por cada materia fundamental, dicho diagnóstico arrojó como resultado que, si bien la Panadería se encuentra por buen camino en la implementación correcta de la RSE, varias acciones ejecutadas son susceptibles de mejorar, identificando como la más relevante de ellas, la inadecuada clasificación y disposición de residuos sólidos. Por lo cual basados en el análisis realizado, se diseña un plan de acción desde las dimensiones económica, social y ambiental, que permitan a la empresa implementar de forma óptima y excelente la RSE.La Panadería y Pastelería Santa Isabel is a private microenterprise in the Municipality of Chía, Cundinamarca, which is recognized as a determining actor for the development and growth of its region and, therefore, is in the process of implementing a corporate social responsibility strategy. that allows it to project itself as one of the most important companies in the municipality, for its commitment to progress and productivity. In support of this process, a diagnosis has been made through the application of an information collection model framed in the ISO 26000 Standard, in which indicators of compliance with the fundamental principles and matters were evaluated. After practicing the survey to key actors of the company, in which guiding questions were formulated for each fundamental subject, said diagnosis showed as a result that, although the Bakery is on the right track in the correct implementation of CSR, several actions executed are susceptible to improvement, identifying as the most relevant of them, the inadequate classification and disposal of solid waste. Therefore, based on the analysis carried out, an action plan is designed from the economic, social and environmental dimensions, which allow the company to optimally and excellently implement CSR

Phylogenetic Distribution of Fungal Sterols

BACKGROUND: Ergosterol has been considered the "fungal sterol" for almost 125 years; however, additional sterol data superimposed on a recent molecular phylogeny of kingdom Fungi reveals a different and more complex situation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The interpretation of sterol distribution data in a modern phylogenetic context indicates that there is a clear trend from cholesterol and other Delta(5) sterols in the earliest diverging fungal species to ergosterol in later diverging fungi. There are, however, deviations from this pattern in certain clades. Sterols of the diverse zoosporic and zygosporic forms exhibit structural diversity with cholesterol and 24-ethyl -Delta(5) sterols in zoosporic taxa, and 24-methyl sterols in zygosporic fungi. For example, each of the three monophyletic lineages of zygosporic fungi has distinctive major sterols, ergosterol in Mucorales, 22-dihydroergosterol in Dimargaritales, Harpellales, and Kickxellales (DHK clade), and 24-methyl cholesterol in Entomophthorales. Other departures from ergosterol as the dominant sterol include: 24-ethyl cholesterol in Glomeromycota, 24-ethyl cholest-7-enol and 24-ethyl-cholesta-7,24(28)-dienol in rust fungi, brassicasterol in Taphrinales and hypogeous pezizalean species, and cholesterol in Pneumocystis. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Five dominant end products of sterol biosynthesis (cholesterol, ergosterol, 24-methyl cholesterol, 24-ethyl cholesterol, brassicasterol), and intermediates in the formation of 24-ethyl cholesterol, are major sterols in 175 species of Fungi. Although most fungi in the most speciose clades have ergosterol as a major sterol, sterols are more varied than currently understood, and their distribution supports certain clades of Fungi in current fungal phylogenies. In addition to the intellectual importance of understanding evolution of sterol synthesis in fungi, there is practical importance because certain antifungal drugs (e.g., azoles) target reactions in the synthesis of ergosterol. These findings also invalidate use of ergosterol as an indicator of biomass of certain fungal taxa (e.g., Glomeromycota). Data from this study are available from the Assembling the Fungal Tree of Life (AFTOL) Structural and Biochemical Database: http://aftol.umn.edu

Propuesta metodológica para la aplicación de la interculturalidad en la elaboración de códigos de convivencia en el sistema educativo

Documento basado en la importancia de la elaboración de códigos de convivencia, y la necesidad de incorporar en ellos la interculturalidad en su máxima expresión, para la consecución de procesos enriquecedores que permitan la participación de todos los y las actores del proceso educativo en igualdad de condiciones y oportunidades, las mismas que lleven al adecuado desarrollo de un código de convivencia. Estamos hablando de documentos que permitan una adecuada relación entre individuos basados en mínimos éticos exigibles para mediante la resolución alternativa de conflictos se pueda llegar a mejorar la calidad de vida de niños, niñas y adolescentes y a través de ello de quienes conforman la comunidad educativa.Diplomado Superior en Interculturalidad, Derechos Humanos y MigraciónCuenc