Estratégia de Saúde da Família em Florianópolis: integração, coordenação e posição na rede assistencial

O estudo buscou examinar o modelo assistencial da atenção básica em saúde em Florianópolis, a partir da implementação da Estratégia Saúde da Família, e analisar suas possibilidades de conduzir a organização do sistema de saúde quanto à integração à rede de serviços com coordenação dos cuidados desde a perspectiva dos atores sociais envolvidos. Utilizou-se como metodologia o estudo de caso com abordagens quantitativas e qualitativas e diversas fontes de informação convergentes trianguladas. Foram entrevistadas 789 famílias e 343 profissionais responderam ao questionário do inquérito. A análise do modelo baseou-se nas dimensões: posição da estratégia de saúde da família na rede assistencial; mecanismos de integração da rede assistencial; disponibilidade e uso de informações sobre a atenção prestada e integração do PSF com programas de saúde coletiva e ações de vigilância à saúde. Os resultados mostraram que é preciso avançar mais para a consecução dessas dimensões e para que se constitua em estratégia de reordenamento do SUS, com um mínimo de impacto sobre a conversão do modelo assistencial. O fortalecimento da Estratégia Saúde da Família na posição de porta de entrada preferencial integrada à rede, com referências reguladas para a atenção especializada, indica potencialidades futuras para reorientar a organização do sistema.This study aimed at examining the primary healthcare model in Florianópolis (Southern Brazil), based on the implementation of the Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF - Family Health Strategy), and also at analyzing its possibilities of conducting the health system organization regarding the integration to the service network with care coordination, from the perspective of the involved social actors. A case study was utilized as methodology, with quantitative and qualitative approaches, in which 789 families, 18 administrators/managers and 343 professionals answered a questionnaire. The analysis of the model was based on the following dimensions: position of the family health strategy in the care network; mechanisms for integration of the healthcare network; availability and use of information about the provided care; and integration of the ESF with public health programs and health surveillance actions. The results showed that more progress is needed to achieve these dimensions so that this becomes a strategy to reorganize the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS - Brazil's National Health System), with some impact on the conversion of the care model. Strengthening the Family Health Strategy in the position of preferred entrance door integrated to the network, with regulated referrals to specialized care, indicates future potential to reorient the organization of the system

The complete genome sequence of Chromobacterium violaceum reveals remarkable and exploitable bacterial adaptability

Chromobacterium violaceum is one of millions of species of free-living microorganisms that populate the soil and water in the extant areas of tropical biodiversity around the world. Its complete genome sequence reveals (i) extensive alternative pathways for energy generation, (ii) ≈500 ORFs for transport-related proteins, (iii) complex and extensive systems for stress adaptation and motility, and (iv) wide-spread utilization of quorum sensing for control of inducible systems, all of which underpin the versatility and adaptability of the organism. The genome also contains extensive but incomplete arrays of ORFs coding for proteins associated with mammalian pathogenicity, possibly involved in the occasional but often fatal cases of human C. violaceum infection. There is, in addition, a series of previously unknown but important enzymes and secondary metabolites including paraquat-inducible proteins, drug and heavy-metal-resistance proteins, multiple chitinases, and proteins for the detoxification of xenobiotics that may have biotechnological applications

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK.

BACKGROUND: A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. METHODS: This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. FINDINGS: Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0-75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4-97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8-80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3-4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. INTERPRETATION: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials. FUNDING: UK Research and Innovation, National Institutes for Health Research (NIHR), Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lemann Foundation, Rede D'Or, Brava and Telles Foundation, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Thames Valley and South Midland's NIHR Clinical Research Network, and AstraZeneca

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK

Background A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. Methods This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. Findings Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0–75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4–97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8–80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3–4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. Interpretation ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials

Incidência de cesáreas segundo fonte de financiamento da assistência ao parto Incidence of cesarean delivery regarding the financial support source for delivery care

OBJETIVO: Estudar os tipos de partos de acordo com a categoria de internação da paciente, bem como as indicações de cesarianas mais freqüentemente referidas. MÉTODOS: A partir dos dados de um sistema de informações hospitalares, foi feita uma análise retrospectiva dos partos ocorridos no município de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil, no período de 1986-1995. Foram estudados: tipo de parto, categoria de admissão e diagnósticos referidos. RESULTADOS: Ocorreram 86.120 partos no período estudado, sendo 5,4% na categoria privada, 28,7% na categoria de pré-pagamento e 65,9% no sistema público (Sistema Único de Saúde -- SUS), observando-se uma diminuição nas categorias privada e SUS e aumento na categoria de pré-pagamento. A percentagem de cesáreas aumentou de 68,3% para 81,8% na categoria privada e de 69,1% para 77,9% na categoria pré-pagamento e diminuiu de 38,7% para 32,1% na categoria SUS. As principais indicações cesarianas referidas foram o sofrimento fetal, cujas incidências foram 9,5%, 10,9% e 9,0%, respectivamente, nas categorias particular, pré-pagamento e SUS; e distócia céfalo-pélvica cujas taxas foram 5,8%, 6,5% e 3,9%, respectivamente, nas mesmas categorias mencionadas. CONCLUSÃO: A incidência de cesariana variou segundo a categoria de internação, observando-se um gradiente crescente à medida que se elevou o padrão social das gestantes, não havendo correspondência com o risco obstétrico.<br>OBJECTIVE: To study the types of delivery according to the category of patient admission and the most frequently reported indications for cesarean sections. METHODS: In a retrospective survey of deliveries performed in the municipality of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, from 1986 to 1995, the type of delivery, category of admission and recorded diagnoses were assessed. Data were obtained from the Center of Hospital Data Processing of the Department of Social Medicine in the University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto. RESULTS: A total of 86,120 deliveries were registered during the study period; 5.4% were allocated in the private category, 28.7% in the prepayment category, and 65.9% in the public health system (SUS). It was observed a decrease in the private and SUS categories and an increase in the prepayment category. During the study period, the percentage of cesarean deliveries increased from 68.3% to 81.8% in the private category and from 69.1% to 77.9% in the prepayment category, and decreased from 38.7% to 32.1% in the SUS category. The major indications for cesarean section were fetal distress, with the incidence of 9.5%, 10.9% and 9.0% in the private, prepayment and SUS categories, respectively; and cephalopelvic dystocia, at the rates of 5.8%, 6.5% and 3.9%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The incidence of cesarean section varied according to admission category, with a rising trend as the pregnant woman's social status increased, but without a correlation with the obstetrical risk

Transcriptome profiling of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeast-phase cells recovered from infected mice brings new insights into fungal response upon host interaction

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a fungal human pathogen with a wide distribution in Latin America. It causes paracoccidioidomycosis, the most widespread systemic mycosis in Latin America. Although gene expression in P. brasiliensis had been studied, little is known about the genome sequences expressed by this species during the infection process. To better understand the infection process, 4934 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) derived from a non-normalized cDNA library from P. brasiliensis (isolate Pb01) yeast-phase cells recovered from the livers of infected mice were annotated and clustered to a UniGene (clusters containing sequences that represent a unique gene) set with 1602 members. A large-scale comparative analysis was performed between the UniGene sequences of P. brasiliensis yeast-phase cells recovered from infected mice and a database constructed with sequences of the yeast-phase and mycelium transcriptome (isolate Pb01) (https://dna.biomol.unb.br/Pb/), as well as with all public ESTs available at GenBank, including sequences of the P. brasiliensis yeast-phase transcriptome (isolate Pb18) (http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). The focus was on the overexpressed and novel genes. From the total, 3184 ESTs (64.53%) were also present in the previously described transcriptome of yeast-form and mycelium cells obtained from in vitro cultures (https://dna.biomol.unb.br/Pb/) and of those, 1172 ESTs (23.75% of the described sequences) represented transcripts overexpressed during the infection process. Comparative analysis identified 1750 ESTs (35.47% of the total), comprising 649 UniGene sequences representing novel transcripts of P. brasiliensis, not previously described for this isolate or for other isolates in public databases. KEGG pathway mapping showed that the novel and overexpressed transcripts represented standard metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, amino acid biosynthesis, lipid and sterol metabolism. The unique and divergent representation of transcripts in the cDNA library of yeast cells recovered from infected mice suggests differential gene expression in response to the host milieu