Effects of eight neuropsychiatric copy number variants on human brain structure

Many copy number variants (CNVs) confer risk for the same range of neurodevelopmental symptoms and psychiatric conditions including autism and schizophrenia. Yet, to date neuroimaging studies have typically been carried out one mutation at a time, showing that CNVs have large effects on brain anatomy. Here, we aimed to characterize and quantify the distinct brain morphometry effects and latent dimensions across 8 neuropsychiatric CNVs. We analyzed T1-weighted MRI data from clinically and non-clinically ascertained CNV carriers (deletion/duplication) at the 1q21.1 (n = 39/28), 16p11.2 (n = 87/78), 22q11.2 (n = 75/30), and 15q11.2 (n = 72/76) loci as well as 1296 non-carriers (controls). Case-control contrasts of all examined genomic loci demonstrated effects on brain anatomy, with deletions and duplications showing mirror effects at the global and regional levels. Although CNVs mainly showed distinct brain patterns, principal component analysis (PCA) loaded subsets of CNVs on two latent brain dimensions, which explained 32 and 29% of the variance of the 8 Cohen’s d maps. The cingulate gyrus, insula, supplementary motor cortex, and cerebellum were identified by PCA and multi-view pattern learning as top regions contributing to latent dimension shared across subsets of CNVs. The large proportion of distinct CNV effects on brain morphology may explain the small neuroimaging effect sizes reported in polygenic psychiatric conditions. Nevertheless, latent gene brain morphology dimensions will help subgroup the rapidly expanding landscape of neuropsychiatric variants and dissect the heterogeneity of idiopathic conditions

Developmentof three different innovative tannin-based materials

Les tannins sont des extraits chimiques présentant une alternative naturelle aux produits chimiques de type phénol ou résorcinol issus du pétrole. Ils sont déjà utilisés industriellement pour la synthèse d’adhésifs utilisés pour la fabrication de produits à base de bois tels que les panneaux de particules et les contreplaqués, mais généralement en utilisant toujours du formaldéhyde comme durcisseur pour améliorer leur pouvoir collant. Les premiers types de produits développés dans cette thèse sont des résines adhésives pour fabriquer des panneaux de particules, synthétisées à partir de tannins de Pin Radiata et d’autres aldéhydes moins nocifs obtenus en faisant réagir de l’huile de tournesol avec de l’ozone puis avec agent réducteur. L’étude s’est portée sur les conditions de l’ozonolyse, dont les paramètres étaient nombreux, et sur les analyses des huiles obtenues, puis sur la synthèse de résines à partir de solutions de tannins. Certaines de ces résines ont été utilisées pour fabriquer des panneaux de particules qui ont été testés en cohésion interne sèche. Puis le sujet s’est orienté vers le développement de mousses rigides à base de tannins et d’alcool furfurylique dans le cadre d’un projet industriel multi-matériaux. Plusieurs formulations ont été testées pour atteindre les objectifs d’un cahier des charges, dont la finalité était d’obtenir en premier lieu des panneaux de mousse homogènes de basse densité avec de bonnes propriétés mécaniques. L’innovation apportée a été de produire ces mousses dans une presse à panneaux. Enfin, une nouvelle façon de fabriquer des polymères polyuréthanes à base de tannins a été testée en utilisant des produits chimiques moins nocifs en remplacement des isocyanates habituellement utilisés dans l’industrie. La synthèse s’est fait d’abord par une étape de carbonatation des groupes hydroxyles des tannins, puis par une réaction avec l’hexamethylènediamine. Les analyses spectrométriques montres que les produits obtenus possèdent bel et bien des liaisons uréthanes. L’étude débouché sur l’exploration de l’utilisation de tannins réagis avec de l’ammoniac pour le remplacement de l’hexaméthylènediamine afin d’obtenir de nouveaux polyuréthanes « non isocynates » avec encore plus de produits biosourcés et plus respectueux de l’environnementTannins are chemical extracts which represent a natural alternative to chemicals as phenol or resorcinol which are from oil resources. They are already used industrially for the synthesis of adhesives used for the manufacture of wood-based products such as particleboards and plywood, but generally always used with formaldehyde as a hardener to improve their mechanical strengths. The first products developed in this thesis are adhesive resins for the manufacture of particleboards, synthesized from Radiata Pine tannins and less hazardous aldehydes obtained by reacting sunflower oil with ozone then with a reducing agent. The study has focus first on the conditions of the ozonolysis, whose parameters are numerous, and the analysis of the oils obtained, then on the synthesis of resins with solutions of tannins. Some of these resins have been used to manufacture particleboards that have been tested in dry internal bond strength. Then the subject has been oriented toward the development of rigid tannin/furanic-based foams as part of an industrial multi-material project. Several formulations have been tested to achieve the objectives of a specification, whose first purpose is to obtain foam panels homogeneous, low in density and with good mechanical properties. The innovation has been to make these foams in a particleboard press. Finally, a new route to manufacture tannin-based polyurethane polymers has been tested by using less hazardous chemicals in replacement of isocyanates, conventionally used in the industry. The synthesis is made by a first carbonatation step of tannins hydroxyl groups and then by a reaction with hexamethylenediamine. Spectrometric analyzes have shown that the products obtained do have urethane linkages. The study led to the exploration of the use of tannins reacted with ammonia to replace hexamethylenediamine to obtain new "non isocynates" polyurethanes with more bio-based and environment-friendly chemical

Développement de trois différents types de matériaux innovants à base de tannins

Tannins are chemical extracts which represent a natural alternative to chemicals as phenol or resorcinol which are from oil resources. They are already used industrially for the synthesis of adhesives used for the manufacture of wood-based products such as particleboards and plywood, but generally always used with formaldehyde as a hardener to improve their mechanical strengths. The first products developed in this thesis are adhesive resins for the manufacture of particleboards, synthesized from Radiata Pine tannins and less hazardous aldehydes obtained by reacting sunflower oil with ozone then with a reducing agent. The study has focus first on the conditions of the ozonolysis, whose parameters are numerous, and the analysis of the oils obtained, then on the synthesis of resins with solutions of tannins. Some of these resins have been used to manufacture particleboards that have been tested in dry internal bond strength. Then the subject has been oriented toward the development of rigid tannin/furanic-based foams as part of an industrial multi-material project. Several formulations have been tested to achieve the objectives of a specification, whose first purpose is to obtain foam panels homogeneous, low in density and with good mechanical properties. The innovation has been to make these foams in a particleboard press. Finally, a new route to manufacture tannin-based polyurethane polymers has been tested by using less hazardous chemicals in replacement of isocyanates, conventionally used in the industry. The synthesis is made by a first carbonatation step of tannins hydroxyl groups and then by a reaction with hexamethylenediamine. Spectrometric analyzes have shown that the products obtained do have urethane linkages. The study led to the exploration of the use of tannins reacted with ammonia to replace hexamethylenediamine to obtain new "non isocynates" polyurethanes with more bio-based and environment-friendly chemicalsLes tannins sont des extraits chimiques présentant une alternative naturelle aux produits chimiques de type phénol ou résorcinol issus du pétrole. Ils sont déjà utilisés industriellement pour la synthèse d’adhésifs utilisés pour la fabrication de produits à base de bois tels que les panneaux de particules et les contreplaqués, mais généralement en utilisant toujours du formaldéhyde comme durcisseur pour améliorer leur pouvoir collant. Les premiers types de produits développés dans cette thèse sont des résines adhésives pour fabriquer des panneaux de particules, synthétisées à partir de tannins de Pin Radiata et d’autres aldéhydes moins nocifs obtenus en faisant réagir de l’huile de tournesol avec de l’ozone puis avec agent réducteur. L’étude s’est portée sur les conditions de l’ozonolyse, dont les paramètres étaient nombreux, et sur les analyses des huiles obtenues, puis sur la synthèse de résines à partir de solutions de tannins. Certaines de ces résines ont été utilisées pour fabriquer des panneaux de particules qui ont été testés en cohésion interne sèche. Puis le sujet s’est orienté vers le développement de mousses rigides à base de tannins et d’alcool furfurylique dans le cadre d’un projet industriel multi-matériaux. Plusieurs formulations ont été testées pour atteindre les objectifs d’un cahier des charges, dont la finalité était d’obtenir en premier lieu des panneaux de mousse homogènes de basse densité avec de bonnes propriétés mécaniques. L’innovation apportée a été de produire ces mousses dans une presse à panneaux. Enfin, une nouvelle façon de fabriquer des polymères polyuréthanes à base de tannins a été testée en utilisant des produits chimiques moins nocifs en remplacement des isocyanates habituellement utilisés dans l’industrie. La synthèse s’est fait d’abord par une étape de carbonatation des groupes hydroxyles des tannins, puis par une réaction avec l’hexamethylènediamine. Les analyses spectrométriques montres que les produits obtenus possèdent bel et bien des liaisons uréthanes. L’étude débouché sur l’exploration de l’utilisation de tannins réagis avec de l’ammoniac pour le remplacement de l’hexaméthylènediamine afin d’obtenir de nouveaux polyuréthanes « non isocynates » avec encore plus de produits biosourcés et plus respectueux de l’environnemen

Chapitre 17. Prévention et promotion

International audiencePour prévenir les risques ou promouvoir la santé en lien avec les environnements de vie des personnes, il faut faire appel à des démarches différentes mais complémentaires

Properties data of phenolic resins synthetized for the impregnation of saturating Kraft paper

The quality of decorative laminates boards depends on the impregnation process of Kraft papers with a phenolic resin, which constitute the raw materials for the manufacture of the cores of such boards. In the laminates industries, the properties of resins are adapted via their syntheses, usually by mixing phenol and formaldehyde in a batch, where additives, temperature and stirring parameters can be controlled. Therefore, many possibilities of preparation of phenolic resins exist, that leads to different combinations of physico-chemical properties. In this article, the properties data of eight phenolic resins synthetized with different parameters of pH and reaction times at 60 °C and 90 °C are presented: the losses of pH after synthesis and the dynamic viscosities measured after synthesis and once the solid content is adjusted to 45%w/w in methanol. Data acquired by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) of the resins and Inverse Gas Chromatography (IGC) of cured solids are given as well

Factors influencing the processing and technological properties of laminates based on phenolic resin impregnated papers

High quality decorative laminate panels typically consist of two major types of components: the surface layers comprising décor and overlay papers that are impregnated with melamine-based resins, and the core which is made of stacks of kraft papers impregnated with phenolic (PF) resin. The PF-impregnated layers impart superior hydrolytic stability, mechanical strength and fire-resistance to the composite. The manufacturing involves the complex interplay between resin, paper and impregnation/drying processes. Changes in the input variables cause significant alterations in the process characteristics and adaptations of the used materials and specific process conditions may, in turn, be required. This review summarizes the main variables influencing both processability and technological properties of phenolic resin impregnated papers and laminates produced therefrom. It is aimed at presenting the main influences from the involved components (resin and paper), how these may be controlled during the respective process steps (resin preparation and paper production), how they influence the impregnation and lamination conditions, how they affect specific aspects of paper and laminate performance, and how they interact with each other (synergies)

Self-healing of densely crosslinked thermoset polymers : a critical review

Structural and functional thermosetting composite materials are exposed to different kinds of stress which can damage the polymer matrix, thus impairing the intended properties. Therefore, self-healing materials have attracted the attention of many research groups over the last decades in order to provide satisfactory material properties and outstanding product durability. The present article provides a critical overview of promising self-healing strategies for crosslinked thermoset polymers. It is organized in two parts: an overview about the different approaches to self-healing is given in the first part, whereas the second part focuses on the specific chemistries of the main strategies to achieve self-healing through crosslinking. It is attempted to provide a comprehensive discussion of different approaches which are described in the scientific literature. By comparison of the advantages and disadvantages, the authors wish to provide helpful insights on the assessment of the potential to transfer the extensive present knowledge about self-healing materials and methods to surface varnishing thermoset coatings

Impact of phenolic resin preparation on its properties and its penetration behavior in Kraft paper

The core of decorative laminates is generally made of stacked Kraft paper sheets impregnated with a phenolic resin. As the impregnation process in industry is relatively fast, new methods need to be developed to characterize it for different paper-resin systems. Several phenolic resins were synthesized with the same Phenol:Formaldehyde ratio of 1:1.8 and characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) as well as Size-Exclusion Chromatography (SEC). In addition, their viscosities and surface tensions when diluted in methanol to 45% of solid content were measured. The capacity of each resin to penetrate a Kraft paper sheet was characterized using a new method, which measures the conductivities induced by the liquid resin crossing the paper substrate. With this method, crossing times could be measured with a good accuracy. Surprisingly, the results showed that the penetration time of the resin samples is not correlated to the viscosity values, but rather to the surface tension characteristics and the chemical characteristics of paper. Furthermore, some resins had a higher swelling effect on the fibers that delayed the crossing of the liquid through the paper

Effect of phenolation, lignin-type and degree of substitution on the properties of lignin-modified phenol-formaldehyde impregnation resins: molecular weight distribution, wetting behavior, rheological properties and thermal curing profiles

Here, the effects of substituting portions of fossil-based phenol in phenol formaldehyde resin by renewable lignin from two different sources are investigated using a factorial screening experimental design. Among the resins consumed by the wood-based industry, phenolics are one of the most important types used for impregnation, coating or gluing purposes. They are prepared by condensing phenol with formaldehyde (PF). One major use of PF is as matrix polymer for decorative laminates in exterior cladding and wet-room applications. Important requirements for such PFs are favorable flow properties (low viscosity), rapid curing behavior (high reactivity) and sufficient self-adhesion capacity (high residual curing potential). Partially substituting phenol in PF with bio-based phenolic co-reagents like lignin modifies the physicochemical properties of the resulting resin. In this study, phenol-formaldehyde formulations were synthesized where either 30% or 50% (in weight) of the phenol monomer were substituted by either sodium lignosulfonate or Kraft lignin. The effect of modifying the lignin material by phenolation before incorporation into the resin synthesis was also investigated. The resins so obtained were characterized by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy, Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), rheology, and measurements of contact angle and surface tension using the Wilhelmy plate method and drop shape analysis

Dynamic mapping of dengue basic reproduction number

International audienceWe developed a method to produce time-varying maps for dengue transmission risk, using the Ross-Macdonald framework and differential equations to estimate spatially the basic reproduction number (R0) of a vector-borne disease. The components of the R0 formula were derived partly from a mosquito population dynamics model integrating meteorological and environmental variables, and partly from temperature-dependent functions of vector competence and the extrinsic incubation period. The method was applied on Reunion Island, a tropical island located in the Indian Ocean, where the mosquito Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus has been responsible for large and numerous outbreaks of dengue. As a validation, predicted maps and dynamic outputs were compared with the distribution of confirmed dengue cases registered during the year 2018 in Reunion Island. The results highlight strong agreements between the observed epidemiological patterns and predicted R0 distribution and temporal dynamics. This finding demonstrates the relevance and efficiency of the spatialised basic reproduction number (R0) to develop an operational dynamic mapping tool for dengue surveillance and control. The resulting method could be of great use in a health policy-making context, providing a time and space awareness to the dengue risk perception